The tendency of a switch to make or break electrical contact at unexpected moments during closure or release can be a sign of a poor design. The degree of teasing can range from a simple annoyance to a failure of critical control process.The amount of switch sensitivity or teasing can also be a result of poor surface conductivity that will prevent an electrical event even when switch poles are in partial contact.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for depressing and releasing a tactile membrane switch to determine the amount of switch teasing, if any.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Acidic hot-melt adhesives are useful in many applications, as the acid functionality can contribute to better substrate wetting and better adhesion to polar, nonporous surfaces.4.2 Acidic hot-melt adhesives are also quite corrosive to conventional iron and steel adhesive application equipment. The acid number determination will tell an equipment manufacturer if corrosion-resistant equipment for an application should be recommended. The need for corrosion-resistant equipment will vary depending on the acid number of the hot-melt adhesive and type of metal that will be bonded.1.1 This test method covers the determination of acid numbers of hot-melt adhesives.1.2 This test method is applicable for hot-melt and hot-melt/acid systems that are soluble under the conditions described. The hot melt must also give light- or medium-colored solutions when dissolved. If this is not the case another method must be used.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific caution statements are given in 7.1 and 7.2.

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4.1 The presence of pentane and lighter hydrocarbons in gasolines, naphthas, and similar petroleum distillates interferes in Test Method D2789. Pentane and lighter hydrocarbons are separated by this test method so that the depentanized residue can be analyzed and so the pentane and lighter hydrocarbons can be analyzed by other methods, if desired.4.2 Under the conditions specified in the test method some C5 and lighter hydrocarbons remain in the bottoms, and some C6 and heavier hydrocarbons carry over to the overhead. Expressed as volume percent of charge, the amounts are typically 2 % or less, which is considered adequate for the purpose designated under . It should be recognized, however, that when expressed as volume percent of overhead or of bottoms the percentages can be higher, making this test method unsuitable for any purposes not designated under .1.1 This test method covers the removal of pentanes and lighter hydrocarbons from gasolines, naphthas, and similar petroleum distillates to prepare samples suitable for the determination of hydrocarbon types in accordance with Test Method D2789. In addition, this test method determines the volume percent of bottoms remaining after depentanization.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The method will provide information on the ability of pipeline coatings to resist cracking, spalling, or other mechanical damage as a result of bending. If the test is applied to coated pipe samples from commercial production, the results can be used in the selection of similar materials for service. The test has application as a quality control method when variations in coating application or material formulation may affect bending performance.1.1 This method covers testing the relative resistance of pipeline coatings to cracking and spalling from deformation of the pipe by observing the effects of diametral compression of ring samples. The method is limited to thin film coatings having an elongation not exceeding 5.0 %.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This test method covers an accelerated procedure for simultaneously determining comparative characteristics of insulating coating systems applied to steel pipe exterior for the purpose of preventing or mitigating corrosion that may occur in underground service where the pipe will be in contact with natural soils and may or may not receive cathodic protection. It is intended for use with samples of coated pipe taken from commercial production and is applicable to such samples when the coating is characterized by function as an electrical barrier. 1.2 This test method is specific with no options. For alternative methods of test see Test Methods G8. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 Measurements of film thickness are an essential part of most ASTM test methods related to coatings on steel pipe. Adequate thickness is important for a coating to fulfill its function of preventing or mitigating corrosion of steel pipelines.3.2 The accuracy of the thickness measurements may be influenced by the deformability of the coating. This test method is not applicable to coatings that would be readily deformable under the force exerted by the probe of the measuring instrument.1.1 This test method describes the nondestructive measurement of the thickness of a dry, nonmagnetic coating applied to the external surface of steel pipe. The method is recommended for coating thicknesses up to 6 mm (0.240 in.) and for any diameter pipe, but not smaller than 10 mm (0.5 in.). It does not apply to excessively soft films.1.2 The values stated in SI units to three significant decimals are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 Since pipeline coatings are subjected to concentrated pressures exerted by the weight of the pipe and the backfill, this test is intended primarily for determining the resistance of the coating to penetration or deformation under controlled conditions.3.1.1 Deformation of a compressible coating does not signify a potential weakness in underground burial service, if the coating is not penetrated. Deformation cannot be compared to penetration into and through a coating.1.1 This accelerated test method is used to determine the relative resistance of steel pipeline coatings to penetration or deformation by a blunt rod under a specified load. The test method is intended to apply to the testing of all types of nonmetallic pipeline coatings subjected to various temperatures.1.2 The values stated in SI units to three significant decimals are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The exposed metal surfaces at joints, fittings, and damaged areas in an otherwise coated pipeline will be subjected to corrosion if allowed to come in contact with the soil environment. The performance of joint and patching materials designed to function as protective coverings will depend upon such factors as the ability of the material to bond to both the pipe coating and exposed metal surfaces, the integrity of the moisture seal at lapped joints, and the water absorption characteristics of the joint material.4.2 The existence of substantial leakage current through the coating joint, patch, or fitting is reliable evidence that the material has suffered a significant decrease in its performance as a protective barrier. In a similar manner, measured changes in joint capacitance and dissipation factor are useful because they are related to the water absorption rate of the joint material. Water permeating an insulating barrier increases its capacitance and its progress can be measured through the use of a suitable impedance bridge.1.1 This test method describes determination of the comparative corrosion preventative characteristics of materials used for applications to joints, couplings, irregular fittings, and patched areas in coated pipelines. The test method is applicable to materials whose principal function is to act as barriers between the pipe surface and surrounding soil environment.1.2 The test method described employs measurements of leakage current, capacitance, and dissipation factor to indicate changes in the insulating effectiveness of joint and patching materials.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 The values stated in SI units to three significant decimals are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method for the chemical analysis of copper is primarily intended to test for compliance with compositional specifications. It is assumed that all who use this method will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory.1.1 This test method covers the chemical analysis of copper having minimum purity of 99.75 % to 99.95 %.1.2 This test method covers the electrolytic determination of copper in chemical, electrolytic, and fire refined copper. In this method silver is deposited with the copper, and is reported as copper.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 8.4 and Section 9.

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5.1 Petroleum products can contain additives that react with alkali to form metal soaps. Fats are examples of such additives. Also, certain used engine oils, especially from turbine or internal combustion engines, can contain chemicals that will similarly react with alkali. The saponification number expresses the amount of base that will react with 1 g of sample when heated in a specific manner. This then gives an estimation of the amount of acid present in the sample, that is, any free acid originally present plus any combined (for example, in esters) that have been converted to metal soaps during the heating procedure.5.2 Saponification numbers are also used in setting product specifications for lubricants and additives.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of constituents in petroleum products such as lubricants, additives, and transmission fluids that will saponify under the conditions of the test.NOTE 1: Statements defining this test and its significance when applied to electrical insulating oils of mineral origin will be found in Guide D117. Experience has shown that for transformer oils, Test Method D94, modified by use of 0.1 M KOH solution and 0.1 M HCl, is more suitable.1.1.1 Two test methods are described: Method A—Color Indicator Titration (Sections 6 – 13), and Method B—Potentiometric Titration (Sections 14 – 23).1.2 Because compounds of sulfur, phosphorus, the halogens, and certain other elements that are sometimes added to petroleum products also consume alkali and acids, the results obtained indicate the effect of these extraneous materials in addition to the saponifiable material present. Results on products containing such materials, on used internal-combustion-engine crankcase oils, and on used turbine oils must be interpreted with caution.NOTE 2: The materials referred to above, which are not normally considered saponifiable matter, include inorganic or certain organic acids, most nonalkali soaps, and so forth. The presence of such materials increases the saponification number above that of fatty saponifiable materials for which the test method is primarily intended. The odor of hydrogen sulfide near the end of the back-titration in the saponification test is an indication that certain types of reactive sulfur compounds are present in the sample. In the case of other reactive sulfur, chlorine, and phosphorus compounds and other interfering materials, no simple indication is given during the test. A gravimetric determination of the actual amount of fatty acids is probably the most reliable method for such compounds. Test Methods D128 or IP Method 284/86 can be used to determine fatty acids gravimetrically.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 6, 7, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, and 19.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of this method is to determine the suitability of different metals for use in resistance apparatus in which a low thermoelectric power is desired. As most electric circuits are largely composed of copper, the thermoelectric power of a resistance metal will generally be measured against copper.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermoelectric power of a metal or alloy with respect to copper when the temperatures of the junctions lie between 0 and 100°C.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Holidays in pipeline coatings may be repaired by circumferential wrapping with a suitable pipe wrap tape. However, this technique is not always practicable and patching may be required. The effectiveness of a patch material depends upon its adhesion to the original pipeline coating to effect sealing.3.2 The results of this accelerated test have been found to yield comparative data useful for the selection of patching materials. The user is cautioned against the use of this method for absolute material properties characterization.3.3 This procedure provides an accelerated method by exposing the patch to a severe radius of curvature on small-diameter pipe. The specimen is also exposed to a stress voltage in the presence of a highly conductive electrolyte.1.1 This test method provides an accelerated means of determining the relative sealing abilities of pipeline patching materials that are used to seal holidays in pipeline coatings on steel pipe. This test method is intended for utilization of specimens of pipeline coatings on small-diameter pipe, for representing coatings used for buried or submerged service, and where the purpose of the coating is to provide an electrical barrier between the steel pipe and its environment.1.2 This test method is not intended for evaluating patch materials that are overlapped upon themselves.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This procedure defines a test method for comparing the relative resistance of pipeline coatings to abrasion.5.2 Abrasion resistance may be used to specify optimum coating thickness of candidate materials both in development and research work to study new coating systems or methods and in quality control.1.1 This test method of accelerated test is a procedure for determining the relative resistance of steel pipeline coatings to abrasion by a slurry of coarse abrasive and water. The method is intended to apply to the testing of all types of electrical insulating pipeline coatings and tapes, including thermoplastics, thermoset, and bituminous materials.1.2 Pipeline coatings are not normally subjected to the type of abrasion herein specified.1.3 Metallic protective coatings such as zinc may be compared visually, but do not meet the electrical requirements of this test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units to three significant decimals are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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2.1 Procedure A covers the determination of the equation of the curve relating resistance and temperature where the curve approximates a parabola. This test method may be used for wire of any metal or alloy over the temperature interval appropriate to the material.2.2 Procedure B covers the determination of the mean temperature coefficient of resistance for wire of any metal or alloy over the temperature interval appropriate to the material.1.1 This test method covers determination of the change of resistance with temperature of alloy wires used for resistance standards and precision resistors for electrical apparatus.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The deterioration of an insulating coating film is intimately related to its moisture content. The water penetration test provides a means for monitoring the passage of moisture through a coating material by means of changes in its dielectric constant. When expressed in relation to time, the test data will reflect a rate of deterioration which is a characteristic of the coating material and will bear a relation to its expected useful life as an insulating coating. The test for water penetration will also provide information that is useful in establishing the optimum coating thickness for a given material.1.1 This method covers the determination of the apparent rate of depth of water penetration into insulating coatings applied to pipe.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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