This test method specifies sampling and testing procedures for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers.This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers in raw and sliver form because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by two or more laboratories when using this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratories should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Test Method D2130 shall be used as a referee test method.This test method may be used for determining compliance with average fiber diameter and diameter variation to assign grades when determining conformance of shipments to material specifications given in Specifications D2252, D3991, and D3992, and Test Method D2816.The procedures for determining mean fiber diameter and standard deviation of fiber diameter provided in this test method and in IWTO Method 47-98 are in essential agreement.1.1 This test method covers a procedure that uses an Optical Fiber Diameter Analyser (OFDA) for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation in wool and other animal fibers in their various forms.Note 1—This test method may also be applied to other fibers having a round cross section such as some polyamides, polyesters, and glass; it may also be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose-type fibers.Note 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies other animal fibers where applicable.Note 3—For fineness specifications of wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991, D3992, D2252, and Test Method D2816, respectively.1.2 The OFDA reports average fiber diameter and standard deviation of fiber diameter in micrometer units (μm). The coefficient of variation of fiber diameter is reported as a percentage.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing procedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test Method D2968.5.2 Test Method D2130 for testing wool and other animal fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined with each comparison being based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel's hair, etc. (Note 1) in their various forms.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 1: This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table 5 in Test Methods D629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.NOTE 2: In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool” also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.NOTE 3: For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D3991 and D3992, Specification D2252, Test Method D2816.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The pH values of the extracts give an indication of the acidity or alkalinity of the fiber and its water-soluble impurities. These values are useful in indicating previous processing and in anticipating subsequent performance. For particular purposes, the pH of an extract prepared by one method may be a more informative index than another and as a consequence four optional extraction procedures are included. This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing because the between-laboratory precision is relatively poor. In some cases, the purchaser and the seller may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. In such a case, if there is disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the seller should be determined, with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pH of aqueous extracts from wool and similar animal fibers. It is applicable to fibers in any conditionraw wool, scoured wool, sliver, top, yarn, or fabric. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 11.

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2.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the free fatty acids contained in animal, marine, and vegetable fats and oils for the purpose of quality assurance.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the free fatty acid content of fats and oils.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Test Method D2968 for the determination of med and kemp fibers by microprojection may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised since only a few types of animal fibers have been subjected to interlaboratory tests to ascertain the precision of tests for med and kemp fibers by this test method. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D2968 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in view of the known bias.5.2 Knowledge of the incidence of med fibers and kemp fibers in wool and other animal fibers is of importance to manufacturers of woven or knitted fabrics because of the apparent dye resistance and light reflectance qualities of these fibers. This is not to imply that all kemp fibers will resist dye and all med fibers will accept dye normally. In practice, a proportion of kemp fibers will appear normal after dyeing and a proportion of med fibers will appear chalky white after dyeing. From the perspective of visual and aesthetic problems, medullated fibers having an abnormally large diameter and a high degree of medullation are probably the worst kind.1.1 This test method covers the determination by microprojection of the percentage of medullated fibers (med and kemp fibers) in wool or other animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, or camel's hair in their various forms.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers limestone supplied for use as a mineral supplement in animal feeds. Limestone shall conform to the chemical requirements specified. In order to determine particle size, a sieve analysis shall be done.1.1 This specification covers limestone supplied for use as a mineral supplement in animal feeds.NOTE 1: The calcium needed for animal nutrition is customarily supplied by limestone. Such limestone must be sufficiently fine to blend with mixed feeds and yet be free from excessive dusting.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard, except for sieve frames which are given in inch-pound units in accordance with Specification E11.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Test Method D4510 for the counting of partial cleavages, may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers, but caution is advised, since information on between-laboratory precision is limited. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.FIG. 1 (A) Partial Cleavage—But do not count if it is at the end of a fiber. The split may have been caused by other means5.2 Chemically damaged or tendered fibers are recognizable microscopically by qualified operators and should not be counted as partial cleavages. Such fibers exhibit total loss of cuticle, severe surface erosion, tenderizing cracks, longitudinal fibrillation, or a combination of these features (see Figs. 1 and 2). In a study of deliberately over-carbonized wool at one laboratory, it was found that when more than 24 tendered fibers were seen in 1 m, partial cleavage counts were significantly higher than on similar fibers that were not overcarbonized.FIG. 1 (B–D) Split Fiber (continued)FIG. 2 Fiber With Transverse Cracks1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the microprojector, for the counting of partial cleavages in wool and other animal fibers.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This test method is intended to cover determination of the solidification point of fatty acids contained in animal, marine, and vegetable fats and oils used in the softening and stuffing of leather, as well as those used in the manufacture of products for such purpose.1.1 This test method covers determination of the solidification point of fatty acids contained in animal, marine, and vegetable fats and oils.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.2 and 5.7 for additional information.

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4.1 Application of this guide will provide information on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metalworking fluids and will assist the user in evaluating the potential health hazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices. A water-miscible metalworking fluid is a concentrate designed to be diluted in water for use.4.2 Water-miscible metalworking fluids are complex chemical mixtures. The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Hazard Communication Standard (see A1.8) outlines procedures for the hazard determination of mixtures and states that if a mixture has not been tested as a whole, then the mixture shall be assumed to present the same hazards as do the components that comprise 1 % (by weight or volume) or greater of the mixture, except that the mixture shall be assumed to present a carcinogenic hazard if it contains a component in concentrations of 0.1 % or greater, which is considered to be a carcinogen (as defined in OSHA Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200). The determination of when to test a mixture as a whole and which toxicity tests are appropriate for the product must be made by a health professional qualified in evaluating toxicological data.4.3 Acute toxicology testing of water-miscible metalworking fluids consists of several individual tests including acute oral, dermal, or inhalation toxicity, eye irritation, skin irritation or corrosion, or both, skin sensitization, and sensory irritation. Certain protocols for acute oral, dermal, and inhalation toxicity tests are limit tests; further multi-dose testing (for example, Test Method E1103) should take place if mortality is noted on any of these tests. The referenced protocols specify the species and number of animals required. Selection of tests conducted should be designed to minimize the number of animals used.4.3.1 Acute Oral Toxicity—Acute oral toxicity tests (see A1.1) provide information on health hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure by the oral route. Results of this type of test are used to develop warning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA Hazard Communication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 (see A1.8) or Federal Hazardous Substances Act (see A1.10). These are also used to establish a dosage regimen for subchronic and other testing. Endpoint: mortality.4.3.2 Acute Dermal Toxicity—Acute dermal toxicity tests (see A1.2) provide information on health hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure by the dermal route and may provide initial information on dermal absorption and the mode of toxic action of a substance. In addition, some measure of irritation caused by the fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the sight of application. Endpoint: mortality.4.3.3 Acute Inhalation Toxicity—Acute inhalation toxicity tests give an indication of relative toxicity (see A1.3). The results provide an indication of the potential of the fluid to cause death and other adverse health effects when inhaled for a specified time period. Endpoint: mortality.4.3.4 Eye Irritation—Eye irritation tests provide an indication of the potential of the fluid to cause eye irritation or damage upon direct contact (see A1.4). An irritant is defined as a chemical that is not corrosive, but causes a reversible inflammatory effect on living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Endpoint: degree of irritation.4.3.5 Skin Irritation or Corrosion—Skin irritation or corrosion tests indicate the potential of the fluid to produce irritation or damage to skin (see A1.5). A corrosive chemical is one that causes visible destruction of, or irreversible alterations in, living tissue by chemical action at the site of contact. Endpoint: irritation or corrosion.4.3.6 Skin Sensitization—A chemical sensitizer is a material that causes a substantial proportion of exposed people or animals to develop an allergic reaction in normal tissue after repeated exposure to the chemical. A number of methods are available for measuring skin sensitization, however, there are differences in opinion on the most appropriate method. These are due to variations in compound administration and degree of reaction to a sensitizing substance. Refer to the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) for the various protocols (see A1.6). Additionally, toxicology testing contract labs may have standard procedures for conducting these assays. Endpoint: sensitization.4.3.7 Sensory Irritation—Upon exposure to a sensory irritant, humans experience discomfort or a burning sensation of the eyes, nose, and throat, and may also cough. Test Method E981 (see A1.2.5) provides a means to evaluate the sensory irritant potential of airborne chemicals and mixtures, as well as a means to assess the comparative irritancy of compounds and formulations. However, this test method cannot be used to evaluate the relative obnoxiousness of odors. End point: upper respiratory tract irritation.4.4 A number of federal guidelines can be used to establish general procedures for testing acute toxicity of metalworking fluids. Several references are cited in Annex A1. Regardless of the method used, Good Laboratory Practices, as outlined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 40 CFR 792) (see A1.9) must be followed. The OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (see A1.8) outlines the responsibilities of chemical manufacturers, importers, and employers in the determination of chemical hazards and communication of information on those hazards.4.5 The methods referenced in this guide, or appropriate alternate methods such as those suggested by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), are acceptable for testing the acute toxicity of water-miscible metalworking fluids. For each test outlined in A1.1 – A1.5, a table is included that highlights the similarities and differences between the test protocols.1.1 This guide defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth the references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity of water-miscible metalworking fluids as manufactured.1.2 Although water-miscible metalworking fluids are typically used at high dilution, dilution rates vary widely. Additionally, there is potential for exposure to the metalworking fluid as manufactured.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Test Method D1574 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1574 for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.5.2 This test method may be used to estimate the quantity of oil, grease, and waxy materials remaining on or in wool fibers after scouring, or the quantity of lubricant added before carding or remaining after carding, or the quantity of such materials added or removed in subsequent processing operations.5.3 The residues obtained in this test may be subjected to chemical analysis for identification and assay of the component materials, if desired.5.4 The specified solvent in this test method does not remove some materials, such as soaps, that may be present in wool and hence in some cases may reflect more closely the added content of some extractables in wool such as oils. When such materials are present and an estimate of their quantity is desired, some other solvent or combination of solvents should be used as specified in a material specification or by agreement. The information in the Annex of this test method may be useful for this purpose. Various solvents have been used in the past, and are still used to some extent. Many of these solvents are undesirable, however, because of flammability, toxic or anesthetic effects, or unpleasant odors. Trichlorotrifluoroethane is nonflammable, has a very low level of toxicity, and a high degree of stability and is a good solvent for most fatty or mineral oils, greases, and waxes. The specified solvent, under conditions of the test, was found in interlaboratory test not to extract wool protein.NOTE 2: Since the specified solvent is primarily a solvent for oils rather than soap, the extractable matter obtained in this procedure may be considered a measure of commercial oil content.NOTE 3: Due to the hazardous nature of some of the solvents listed in Table A1.1, the user should refer to the manufacturer's recommendations for use before using under the conditions of this test method.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of extractable matter in samples of all forms of wool, except grease wool, that is extractable with a non-flammable vapor degreasing and cleaning solvent.1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of the amounts of different components in the extracted matter nor their identification.1.3 This test method is suitable for use with other animal fibers.NOTE 1: The determination of extractable matter in yarns and in felts is covered in Test Methods D2257 and D461. For the determination of alcohol-extractable matter in oven-dry scoured wool, refer to Test Methods D584 and D1334.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 5.4 and Note 3.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of wool and other animal fibers in raw and sliver form because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable. In cases of disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method for acceptance testing, Test Method D2130 shall be used as a referee method.5.2 This test method may be used for determining compliance with average fiber diameter and diameter variation to assign grades when determining conformance of shipments to material specifications given in Specifications D2252, D2816, D3991, and D3992.5.3 The procedures for determining mean fiber diameter and standard deviation of fiber diameter provided in this test method and in IWTO-12 are in essential agreement.1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the Sirolan-Laserscan, for the determination of the average fiber diameter and the fiber diameter variation in wool and other animal fibers in their various forms.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车