6.1 Intended Use—Compliance with this practice provides the procuring organization with assurance that human users will be efficient, effective, and safe in the operation and maintenance of marine systems, equipment, and facilities. Specifically, it is intended to ensure the following:6.1.1 System performance requirements are achieved reliably by appropriate use and accommodation of the human component of the system.6.1.2 Usable design of equipment, software, and environment permits the human-equipment/software combination to meet system performance goals.6.1.3 System features, processes, and procedures do not constitute hazards to humans.6.1.4 Trade-offs between automated and manual operations results in effective human performance and appropriate cost control.6.1.5 Manpower, personnel, and training requirements are met.6.1.6 Selected HSI design standards are applied that are adequate and appropriate technically.6.1.7 Systems and equipments are designed to facilitate required maintenance.6.1.8 Procedures for operating and maintaining equipment are efficient, reliable, approved for maritime use, and safe.6.1.9 Potential error-inducing equipment design features are eliminated, or at least, minimized, and systems are designed to be error-tolerant.6.1.10 Layouts and arrangements of equipment afford efficient traffic patterns, communications, and use.6.1.11 Habitability facilities and working spaces meet environmental control and physical environment requirements to provide the level of comfort and quality of life for the crew that is conducive to maintaining optimum personnel performance and endurance.6.1.12 Hazards to human health are minimized.6.1.13 Personnel survivability is maximized.6.2  and Nature of Work—HSI includes, but is not limited to, active participation throughout all phases in the life cycle of a marine system, including requirements definition, design, development, production, operations and decommissioning. HSI, as a systems engineering process, should be integrated fully into the larger engineering process. For the government, the HSI systems engineering process is manifested in both a more formalized, full scale system acquisition, as well as a non-developmental item acquisition. For the commercial industry, the system acquisition process is less formal and more streamlined. Each process is described below.6.3 Government Formalized, Full Scale Acquisition—The U.S. Government's acquisition process is composed of six steps, as illustrated in Fig. 3. Each phase is briefly summarized below.6.6 Modernization—One key part of operations and support is modernization. In many cases in both government and commercial marine system development, existing designs are modified, retrofitted, or modernized to meet new mission requirements or to implement new technology. In these cases, design activities are focused on the modifications and their integration with the existing design rather than the complete marine system. These design activities follow a systems engineering process, much like new design.6.6.1 HSI activities during modernization may include any of those listed in the following sections but scaled to focus on the modifications and their integration with the existing design. HSI activities should focus on determining the impact of the modifications on existing manpower, personnel, and training (MPT) requirements and identifying how MPT considerations may need to be modified for successful integration. HSI activities also focus on ensuring that modifications are integrated into the existing marine system without any negative implications to human performance, safety, occupational health, survivability or habitability.

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5.1 This practice is intended to provide a method that will yield uniformity of calculations used in making, matching, or controlling colors of objects. This uniformity is accomplished by providing a method for calculation of weighting factors for tristimulus integration consistent with the methods utilized to obtain the weighting factors for common illuminant-observer combinations contained in Practice E308.5.2 This practice should be utilized by persons desiring to calculate a set of weighting factors for tristimulus integration who have custom source, or illuminant spectral power distributions, or custom observer response functions.1.1 This practice describes the method to be used for calculating tables of weighting factors for tristimulus integration using custom spectral power distributions of illuminants or sources, or custom color-matching functions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 There have been instances in the past in which undesired collisions between authorized vehicles and AVBS have occurred. Properly selected, designed, and installed safety devices that are able to inhibit deployment of active barriers when authorized vehicles are in the hazard detection space, in direct proximity to the barrier, can minimize the likelihood that such accidents occur.4.2 Unintended barrier/vehicle collisions can be very hazardous, will frequently result in significant damage to property, and can also result in personal injury or death, depending on conditions surrounding an incident.4.3 It is recognized that some vehicle types may not be reliably detected by an individual detection device and an owner may desire placing AVBS in service even though not all vehicle types may be reliably detected. In such determination of use, an owner shall carefully consider such system performance limitations and safety risks, appropriate alternative controls that will minimize safety hazards, and what risks are able to be accepted before placing equipment into service. This practice is intended to provide the owners, designers, installers, integrators, and equipment providers with information that may be important to such decisions, but it is not intended to determine what risks/hazards are acceptable.4.4 It is also recognized that there may be particular conditions in which an owner may determine that it is not acceptable to have safety devices installed in AVBS. For example, there may be conditions under which the security risks are determined to be more important to an owner than the possible safety hazards. In such circumstances, the owner shall accept the safety risks and possible consequences that are associated with such a determination that safety devices will not be used.4.5 If an owner determines that safety devices are not to be used, then it is possible that the owner may choose to implement some alternate means to mitigate or reduce a portion of the safety risks.1.1 This practice is intended to provide methods for selecting, integrating, and verification of active vehicle barrier safety devices so that vehicle barrier systems are reliably and safely controlled when in operation.1.2 There are a number of risks associated with the operation and use of active vehicle barrier systems (AVBS). One of the risks is that of undesired collision between an active vehicle barrier (AVB) and an authorized vehicle. Such risks can be minimized through proper design, construction, installation, operation, and training in the use of such systems.1.3 The proper selection, installation, and use of safety devices that will prevent an AVBS from activating or deploying while an authorized vehicle is transiting the barrier, or when such an authorized vehicle is stopped while a portion of the vehicle is located in the path of or in an unsafe proximity to a barrier, can minimize the likelihood of unintended collision between a barrier and authorized vehicle.1.4 For this practice, safety refers to the ability of the barrier to operate without causing unintended damage to vehicles or injury to people via operation or deployment of the barrier, when an authorized vehicle is transiting the barrier. Security refers to the ability to operate or deploy the barrier to serve its intended purpose of stopping an unauthorized vehicle from passing through the barrier location.1.5 Pedestrians are excluded from the scope of this practice. It is assumed, for the purposes of this practice, that pedestrians are excluded from potentially hazardous locations in the immediate vicinity of AVBS moving components. It is recognized that authorized pedestrians may be present in the area of the movable AVBS for required purposes, such as inspection of vehicles that are stopped. The presence of “casual” pedestrians shall be kept away from the movable elements of the AVBS.1.6 This practice is not intended to address any of the following:1.6.1 Overall performance of vehicle barrier systems or effectiveness as a barrier against any vehicles (see Test Method F2656/F2656M).1.6.2 Impact energy able to be withstood by vehicle barrier systems.1.6.3 Serviceability of barrier systems.1.6.4 Selection of vehicle barrier systems for any particular use.1.6.5 Pedestrian Detection Safety Devices—This practice considers that pedestrians are excluded from hazard zones in the vicinity of vehicle barrier systems; and that only trained and authorized people, such as maintenance staff and security officers performing necessary functions, will be present in the hazard areas when the active barriers are in operation.1.6.6 Design and installation of vehicle barrier systems, other than performance of associated vehicle detection safety devices, and the verification that safety devices are able to be overridden under designated emergency conditions, as required by owners.1.6.7 Operating procedures or instructions for operational use of active vehicle barrier systems once they are installed and placed into service. Although such operating procedures are essential for the safe operation of AVBS in practice, development and implementation of such procedures is beyond the scope of this practice.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Integrating ergonomic principles into new occupational systems may help businesses develop processes that do not exceed worker capabilities and limitations.5.2 Jobs and tasks that conform to worker capabilities and limitations may be performed more efficiently, safely, and consistently than those that do not.5.3 The application of ergonomic principles to the processes involved in occupational systems may help avoid system failures and inefficiencies.5.4 The integration of ergonomic principles at the earliest stages of process concept and design may facilitate appropriate design, layout, and allocation of resources and may reduce or eliminate the necessity for later redesign that could have been foreseen.5.5 Designing jobs that fit the capabilities of larger population segments may increase an organization's accessibility to the available labor pool.5.6 The integration of ergonomic principles into occupational systems may increase profit by lowering direct and indirect costs associated with preventable losses, injuries, and illnesses.5.7 The bibliography contains a list of reference materials that may be useful in particular applications. All appendixes are nonmandatory.1.1 This guide is intended to assist in the integration of ergonomic principles into the design and planning of new occupational systems from the earliest design stages through implementation. Doing so may reduce or eliminate the necessity for later redesign that could have been foreseen.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Weathering and durability testing often requires the computation of the effects of radiant exposure of materials to various optical radiation sources, including lamps with varying spectral power distributions and outdoor and simulated sunlight as in Test Methods E972, G130, and G207.5.2 The purpose of this test method is to foster greater consistency and comparability of weathering and durability test results between various exposure regimes, calculation of materials properties, and laboratories with respect to numerical results that depend upon the integration of spectral distribution data.5.3 Changes in the optical properties of materials such as spectral reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance are often the measure of material stability or usefulness in various applications. Computation of the material responses to exposure to radiant sources mentioned above requires the integration of measured wavelength-dependent digital data, sometimes in conjunction with tabulated wavelength-dependent reference or comparison data.5.4 This test method specifies and describes the Modified Trapezoid Rule as a single reasonably accurate and easily implemented integration technique for computing approximations of spectral source and optical property integrals.5.5 The method includes a procedure for estimating the approximate absolute and relative (percent) error in the estimated spectral integrals.5.6 The method includes a procedure to construct data sets that match in spectral wavelength and spectral wavelength interval, which does not have to be uniform over the spectral range of interest. Uniform spectral intervals simplify some of the calculations, but are not required.1.1 This test method specifies a single relatively simple method to implement, common integration technique, the Modified Trapezoid Rule, to integrate digital or tabulated spectral data. The intent is to produce greater consistency and comparability of weathering and durability test results between various exposure regimes, calculation of materials properties, and laboratories with respect to numerical results that depend upon the integration of spectral distribution data.1.2 Weathering and durability testing often requires the computation of the effects of radiant exposure of materials to various optical radiation sources, including lamps with varying spectral power distributions and outdoor and simulated sunlight. Changes in the spectrally dependent optical properties of materials, in combination with exposure source spectral data, are often used to evaluate the effect of exposure to radiant sources, develop activation spectra (Practice G178), and classify, evaluate, or rate sources with respect to reference or exposure source spectral distributions. Another important application is the integration of the original spectrally dependent optical properties of materials in combination with exposure source spectral data to determine the total energy absorbed by a material from various exposure sources.1.3 The data applications described in 1.2 often require the use of tabulated reference spectral distributions, digital spectral data produced by modern instrumentation, and the integrated version of that data, or combinations (primarily multiplication) of spectrally dependent data.1.4 Computation of the material responses to exposure to radiant sources mentioned above require the integration of measured wavelength dependent digital data, sometimes in conjunction with tabulated wavelength dependent reference or comparison data.1.5 The term “integration” in the previous sections refers to the numerical approximation to the true integral of continuous functions, represented by discrete, digital data. There are numerous mathematical techniques for performing numerical integration. Each method provides different levels of complexity, accuracy, ease of implementation and computational efficiency, and, of course, resultant magnitudes. Hulstrom, Bird and Riordan (1)2 demonstrate the differences between results for rectangular (963.56 W/m2), trapezoid rule (962.53 W/m2), and modified trapezoid rule (963.75 W/m2) integration for a single solar spectrum. Thus the need for a standard integration technique to simplify the comparison of results from different laboratories, measurement instrumentation, or exposure regimes.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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