5.1 The AHP method allows you to generate a single measure of desirability for project/product/process alternatives with respect to multiple attributes (qualitative and quantitative). By contrast, life-cycle cost (Practice E917), net savings (Practice E1074), savings-to-investment ratio (Practice E964), internal rate-of-return (Practice E1057), and payback (Practice E1121) methods all require you to put a monetary value on benefits and costs in order to include them in a measure of project/product/process worth.5.2 Use AHP to evaluate a finite and generally small set of discrete and predetermined options or alternatives. Specific AHP applications are ranking and choosing among alternatives. For example, rank alternative building locations with AHP to see how they measure up to one another, or use AHP to choose among building materials to see which is best for your application.5.3 Use AHP if no single alternative exhibits the most preferred available value or performance for all attributes. This is often the result of an underlying trade-off relationship among attributes. An example is the trade-off between low desired energy costs and large glass window areas (which may raise heating and cooling costs while lowering lighting costs).5.4 Use AHP to evaluate alternatives whose attributes are not all measurable in the same units. Also use AHP when performance relative to some or all of the attributes is impractical, impossible, or too costly to measure. For example, while life-cycle costs are directly measured in monetary units, the number and size of offices are measured in other units, and the public image of a building may not be practically measurable in any unit. To help you choose among candidate buildings with these diverse attributes, use AHP to evaluate your alternatives.5.5 The AHP method is well-suited for application to a variety of sustainability-related topics. Guide E2432 states when applying the concept of sustainability, it is necessary to assess and balance three dissimilar yet interrelated general principles—environment, economic, and social—based on the best information available at the time the decision is made. Use AHP for pairwise comparisons among environmental attributes, among economic attributes, and among social attributes, and for establishing relative importance weights for each attribute and for each of the three general principles to which the attributes are attached. Use the AHP-established relative importance weights to select the preferred project/product/process from among the competing alternatives.5.6 Potential users of AHP include architects, developers, owners, or lessors of buildings, real estate professionals (commercial and residential), facility managers, building material manufacturers, equipment manufacturers, product and process engineers, life cycle assessment experts, and agencies managing building portfolios.1.1 This practice presents a procedure for calculating and interpreting AHP scores of a project’s/product’s/process’ total overall desirability when making capital investment decisions.3 Projects include design, construction, operation, and disposal of commercial and residential buildings and other engineered structures.4 Products include materials, components, systems, and equipment.5 Processes include procurement, materials management, work flow, fabrication and assembly, quality control, and services.1.2 In addition to monetary benefits and costs, the procedure allows for the consideration of characteristics or attributes which decision makers regard as important, but which are not readily expressed in monetary terms. Examples of such attributes that pertain to the selection among project/product/process alternatives are: a construction projects’s building alternatives whose nonmonetary attributes are location/accessibility, site security, maintainability, quality of the sound and visual environment, and image to the public and occupants; building products based on their economic and environmental performance; and sustainability-related issues for key construction processes that address environmental needs, while considering project safety, cost, and schedule.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used in ceramic whitewares and related products.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to this industry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfections on ceramics, refer to Terminology F109.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method covers the measurement of thermal properties for engine coolants (aqueous or non-aqueous) and related fluids.5.2 With each single measurement, the thermal conductivity (λ) and thermal diffusivity (α) are measured directly, and volumetric heat capacity (VHC) is determined by the relationship:5.3 The test method is transient and requires only a small amount of specimen and a short duration of time (0.8 s) to run a measurement. These attributes minimize heat convection in the liquid.5.4 The brief application of current to the sensor wire adds very little heat to the test specimen and ten repetitive tests may be applied at 30 s intervals without causing any significant convection or temperature drift.1.1 This test method covers the use of a transient hot wire liquid thermal conductivity method and associated equipment (the System) for the determination of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volumetric heat capacity of aqueous engine coolants, non-aqueous engine coolants, and related fluids. The System is intended for use in a laboratory.1.2 The System directly measures thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity without the requirement to input any additional properties. Volumetric heat capacity is calculated by dividing the thermal conductivity by the thermal diffusivity of the sample measured.1.3 This test method can be applied to any aqueous or non-aqueous engine coolants or related fluid with thermal conductivity in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 W/m∙K.1.4 This test method excludes fluids that react with platinum.1.5 The range of temperatures applicable to this test method is –20 to 100 °C.1.6 This test method requires a sample of approximately 40 mL.1.7 The System may be used without external pressurization for any fluid having a vapor pressure of 33.8 kPa (4.9 psia) or less at the test temperature.1.8 For a fluid having a vapor pressure greater than 33.8 kPa (4.9 psia) at the test temperature, external pressurization is required (see Annex A2).1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This safety specification establishes the performance requirements for adult portable bed rails, related products, and adult portable bedrail accessories, including requirements for resistance to entrapment, marking and adhered labels, instructional literature, and advertising. It is intended to minimize entrapment and strangulation hazards that are attributed to design components, whether these hazards arise from normal installation and use, reasonably foreseeable mis-installation/misuse, or changes to the stability of the attachment over time, or combinations thereof. This specification applies to adult portable bed rails that meet the definition of a medical device and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and to adult portable bed rails that are not medical devices, and which therefore fall under the jurisdiction of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).This specification also covers test set-up requirements, test equipment, test requirements and methods, labels and warnings requirements, permanency of labels and warnings, and product instructions.1.1 This safety specification establishes performance requirements for adult portable bed rails, related products, and adult portable bedrail accessories, including requirements for resistance to entrapment, marking and adhered labels, instructional literature, and advertising.1.2 This standard is applicable to any such product (as defined below) that is not designed as part of the bed by the bed manufacturer, and is installed on, against or adjacent to the side of an adult bed and is for use by adults to reduce the risk of falling from the bed, assist in repositioning in the bed, assist in transitioning into or out of the bed, or other similar purposes as stated by the manufacturer.1.3 This safety specification includes adult portable bed rails that meet the definition of a medical device and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and adult portable bed rails that are not medical devices, and which therefore fall under the jurisdiction of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC).21.4 This safety specification does not cover guardrails or side rails intended for use on FDA regulated hospital beds, or portable rails for children which are included in Consumer Safety Specification F1821 for toddler beds, Consumer Safety Specification F2085 for portable bed rails for children, or IEC 60601-2-52 for medical beds.1.5 This safety specification is intended to minimize entrapment and strangulation hazards that are attributed to design components, whether these hazards arise from normal installation and use, reasonably foreseeable mis-installation/misuse, or changes to the stability of the attachment over time, or combinations thereof. Other hazards may exist (for example, falls) that are not within the scope of this specification. Such hazards will be the subject of additional standards.1.6 No adult portable bed rail, or related product as defined in this specification, shall, either by label or other means, indicate compliance with this specification unless it conforms to all the requirements contained herein.1.7 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversion to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology consists of terms and definitions pertaining to the description, measurement, prediction, improvement, and management of buildings and building-related facilities, and, in particular, terms related to the standards generated by ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings.1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meanings and explanations of technical terms, written for both the technical expert and the non-expert user.1.3 This terminology is one of a group of special terminologies, subsidiary to the comprehensive Terminology E631.1.4 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compound terms appear in the natural spoken order. Where definitions herein are adopted from other sources, they are copied exactly. The source is identified at the right margin following the definition and is listed in Section 2. The equivalent term in French is listed in parentheses after the English term.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This document covers terminology relating to engine coolants. It is intended to provide a reference for anyone seeking information on engine coolants, and also to provide a uniform set of definitions for use in preparing ASTM specifications, test methods and other standard documents.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Quality Control and Quality Assurance practices are important for the optimum operation of testing laboratories using D16 methods for aromatic hydrocarbons and related materials. Quality procedure guidelines, like those described in this document or other suitably correct QA/QC-related reference, can be useful to optimally perform these methods.1.1 This guide contains non-mandatory Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) activities that may be referenced in standards maintained by ASTM Committee D16 on Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Related Materials.1.2 This guide does not purport to address all of the issues that may be pertinent to an active QA/QC process.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements often provide results in terms of electrical current. Although the conversion of these current values into mass loss rates or penetration rates is based on Faraday’s Law, the calculations can be complicated for alloys and metals with elements having multiple valence values. This practice is intended to provide guidance in calculating mass loss and penetration rates for such alloys. Some typical values of equivalent weights for a variety of metals and alloys are provided.3.2 Electrochemical corrosion rate measurements may provide results in terms of electrical resistance. The conversion of these results to either mass loss or penetration rates requires additional electrochemical information. Some approaches for estimating this information are given.3.3 Use of this practice will aid in producing more consistent corrosion rate data from electrochemical results. This will make results from different studies more comparable and minimize calculation errors that may occur in transforming electrochemical results to corrosion rate values.1.1 This practice covers the providing of guidance in converting the results of electrochemical measurements to rates of uniform corrosion. Calculation methods for converting corrosion current density values to either mass loss rates or average penetration rates are given for most engineering alloys. In addition, some guidelines for converting polarization resistance values to corrosion rates are provided.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard because of their usage.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The Ship Safety Record is an electronic database of information pertaining to a specific vessel including information related to the safe operation of the vessel and the safety of it’s crew and the environment. The data is grouped and organized under the following key categories: vessel particulars, vessel status, crew requirements, crew status, voyage specific data, record of inspection, record of incidents, and corrective actions.4.2 The Ship Safety Record is created and maintained in each instance for the primary benefit of the owner, technical manager, or operator who is required through the implementation of the ISM Code to be cognizant of such information. The information in the database is at all times the property of the owner who will maintain and control the dissemination of any and all of the information. It is expected that operators will elect to make portions of their Ship Safety Record database available to other interested parties such as flag states, class societies, and port states.14 The Ship Safety Record should provide for the implementation of several levels of electronic database security as may be required by the vessel owner or operator. The data that becomes part of the Ship Safety Record can be thought of in a number of subsets:4.2.1 Data that is not subject to change, including particulars of the vessel, and so forth.4.2.2 Data that is subject to change but not normally by the ship’s crew.4.2.3 Data that will be updated periodically either manually or as a result of updates to other computer systems or applications. This would include, as an example, cargo information, ballast conditions, the names/identification of crew members, and passenger details. This would also include information relative to internal inspections, maintenance records, internal audits, safety audits, and so forth.4.3 Guides F1756 and F1757 may be used as the basis for implementation of a shipboard electronic database and ship safety record.AbstractThis guide provides a uniform format and definition of general vessel-related technical information, including ship safety data, to be used by ship owners and operators, at their option and to the extent that they consider beneficial to their operation. It is recognized that all of the data is already contained in various documents on the vessel, but normally not electronically and normally not in one location. The ship safety record is designed to provide an industry-accepted common method of identifying, maintaining, and subsequently communicating the safety-related information needed for maritime operations. The ship safety record is an electronic database of information pertaining to a specific vessel including information related to the safe operation of the vessel and the safety of its crew and the environment. The vessel particulars, vessel status, crew requirements, status of crew and persons other than passengers on board, voyage specific data, record of inspection, record of incidents and corrective actions are presented in details.1.1 This guide provides a uniform format and definition of general vessel-related technical information, including ship safety data, to be used by ship owners and operators, at their option and to the extent that they consider beneficial to their operation. It is recognized that all of the data is already contained in various documents on the vessel, but normally not electronically and normally not in one location. The Ship Safety Record is designed to provide an industry-accepted common method of identifying, maintaining, and subsequently communicating the safety-related information needed for maritime operations. It is recognized that many of the data fields are not applicable for every vessel. Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 provide examples of how data elements in this guide may be used for a specific purpose, that is, the USCG’s Automated Identification System (AIS) and the Advance Notice of Arrival.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide sets a protocol for generating and reporting measurements that are traceable to SI units or Certified Reference Materials in laboratories that serve the metals industries.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the application of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 The procedures described in this practice are designed to provide uniform glass panels for testing of paint, varnish, lacquer, conversion coatings and related products.1.1 This practice covers the preparation of glass panels for subsequent testing of paint, varnish, lacquer, and related products.21.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These methods provide data that are useful in evaluating the effectiveness of surface active agents in reducing surface tension. In addition, surface tension data can predict interactions between liquids and solid surfaces or other liquids and can be used to establish wetting properties of paints, solvents, and other liquids.5.2 A number of laboratories have found the Wilhelmy plate to be easier to use, easier to clean and generally better for use with pigmented paints.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of a variety of liquid materials, including but not restricted to paints, solvents, and solutions of surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D459. Four methods are covered as follows:Method A—Surface Tension by du Noüy ring;Method B—Interfacial Tension by du Noüy ring;Method C—Surface Tension by Wilhelmy plate; andMethod D—Interfacial Tension by Wilhelmy plate.1.2 Method A originally was written primarily to cover aqueous solutions of surface-active agents, but is also applicable to aqueous paints, nonaqueous solutions (including paints) and mixed solvent solutions.1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More than one solute component may be present, including solute components that are not in themselves surface-active.1.4 Method C is applicable to surface active liquids and, unlike du Noüy ring, no buoyancy corrections are needed and results are not affected by moderate viscosities (1-10 Pa-sec) of the liquid. It is the recommended method for use with paints and resin solutions.1.5 Method D is applicable to two-phase solutions and mixtures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice outlines procedures for relating results from test methods to a practical basis, that is, analytical traceability. It explores strategies to ensure the accuracy of a test method and to document reliability of results obtained in individual laboratories.

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This specification provides minimum design standards for testing machines used to measure the compressive strength of concrete masonry units, related units, and masonry prisms covered under Test Methods C140 and C1314. Testing machine requirements cover requirements for machine loading; gauges and displays; accuracy; load frame; plates, blocks, and platens; spacers; hemispherical head design; lower platen design; prescriptive design requirements for blocks and platens; and prescriptive design for deflection under load.1.1 This specification provides minimum design standards for testing machines used to measure the compressive strength of concrete masonry units, related units, and masonry prisms covered under Test Methods C140/C140M and C1314.1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.3 This specification shall be used to determine the maximum allowable specimen size and the maximum allowable load limits on a specific specimen for any test machine. These limits are based on deflection of the bearing surfaces and the machine load frame. These limits may not reflect the actual capacity of the machine and do not supersede the machine manufacturer’s recommended operational limits. The user must determine if testing machine capacities, allowable specimen size and maximum allowable load are appropriate for the sample to be tested.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 LCAs can help to identify some of the potential environmental impacts of products or services throughout the entire life cycle. In a life cycle inventory analysis, emissions into the air; discharges into the water and soil; and product, material, and energy flows at all stages of a product’s life cycle are compiled and quantified. The resulting life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) converts the quantified parameters into environmental impact categories.4.2 Options for managing products at their end of life (EOL) can include, but are not limited to, re-using, recycling, recovering, remanufacturing, converting to energy, incinerating, composting, combustion, digestion/respiration, or discarding as waste. Materials enter subsequent life cycle(s), either in the same or in other applications, reducing the input of primary raw material and impacting the amount of waste. LCA will be required to determine if environmental impact reductions are expected to be realized and to what extent for each specific application. The end-of-life management can impact the overall life cycle assessment.4.3 The application of an allocation method for recycling in life cycle assessments is useful in assessing potential environmental impacts, which may be either beneficial or adverse.4.4 As part of good LCA practice, practitioners should consider recycling in the sensitivity analysis.4.5 LCA practitioners are expected to ensure consistency and conformance with the relevant provisions of ISO standards.4.6 Allocation for recycling can split the flows and impacts between two different product systems.1.1 This guide illustrates alternative allocation approaches that provide options for modeling secondary material flows and related recycling scenarios within a life cycle assessment (LCA) study. It helps practitioners characterize and understand materials recycling across industries; provides the available methodologies for consideration of the environmental impacts that are attributed to material and product flows in LCA; aids in assessment of the overall life cycle of systems and understanding of materials; and supports life cycle management.1.2 The guide is not intended to contradict or circumvent the LCA provisions of ISO 14025, ISO 14040, ISO 14044, ISO 14067, ISO/TR 14049, or ISO 21930. When conflicts arise related to LCA, the guidance of those ISO standards takes precedence.1.3 The following seven material-specific appendixes are included:Title AppendixRecycling of Copper Appendix X1Recycling of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) Gypsum Appendix X2Recycling of Glass Appendix X3Recycling of Plastics Appendix X4Recycling of Post-consumer (PC) Gypsum Appendix X5Recycling of Stainless Steel Appendix X6Recycling of Supplementary Cementitious Materials Appendix X71.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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