1.1 These tolerances are applicable to all yarns 59 tex (10.00/1 cotton count) or coarser spun of man-made fiber(s), 4.5 to 30.0 dtex/filament, (4 to 25 denier/filament) and spun on the parallel worsted or modified worsted system. These tolerances do not apply to novelty or fancy yarns spun on the parallel worsted or modified worsted system. Note 1-For tolerances for other spun yarns, see Tolerances D2644, Tolerances D2645, Specification D541, and Specification D681. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard; the values in inch-pound units are provided as information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

3.1 This classification establishes a series of definite viscosity levels so that lubricant suppliers, lubricant users, and equipment designers will have a uniform and common basis for designating, specifying, or selecting the viscosity of industrial fluid lubricants.3.2 This classification is used to eliminate unjustified intermediate viscosities, thereby reducing the total number of viscosity grades used in the lubrication of industrial equipment.3.3 This system provides a suitable number of viscosity grades, a uniform reference temperature, a uniform viscosity tolerance, and a nomenclature system for identifying the viscosity characteristics of each grade.3.4 This system implies no evaluation of lubricant quality and applies to no property of a fluid other than its viscosity at the reference temperature. It does not apply to those lubricants used primarily with automotive equipment and identified with an SAE number.AbstractThis classification is applicable to all petroleum-base fluid lubricants and to those nonpetroleum materials which may be readily blended to produce fluid lubricants of a desired viscosity, that is, lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic fluids, etc. This classification is used to eliminate unjustified intermediate viscosities, thereby reducing the total number of viscosity grades used in the lubrication of industrial equipment. The lubricants shall be classified according to viscosity grades: ISO VG 2; ISO VG 3; ISO VG 5; ISO VG 7; ISO VG 10; ISO VG 15; ISO VG 22; ISO VG 32; ISO VG 46; ISO VG 68; ISO VG 100; ISO VG 150; ISO VG 220; ISO VG 320; ISO VG 460; ISO VG 680; ISO VG 1000; ISO VG 1500; ISO VG 2200; and ISO VG 3200.1.1 This classification is applicable to all petroleum-base fluid lubricants and to those nonpetroleum materials which may be readily blended to produce fluid lubricants of a desired viscosity, that is, lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic fluids, etc.1.2 This classification is applicable to fluids ranging in kinematic viscosity from 2 cSt to 3200 cSt (mm2/s) as measured at a reference temperature of 40 °C. In the category of petroleum-base fluids, this covers the range from kerosene to heavy cylinder oils.1.3 Fluids of either lesser or greater viscosity than the range described in 1.2 are, at present, seldom used as industrial lubricants. Should industrial practices change, then this system, based on a mathematical series of numbers, may be extended to retain its orderly progression.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 The major factors affecting the quality of a CT image are total image unsharpness (UTimage), contrast (Δµ), and random noise (σ). Geometrical and detector unsharpness limit the spatial resolution of a CT system, that is, its ability to image fine structural detail in an object. Random noise and contrast response limit the contrast sensitivity of a CT system, that is, its ability to detect the presence or absence of features in an object. Spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity may be measured in various ways. In this test method, spatial resolution is quantified in terms of the modulation transfer function (MTF), and contrast sensitivity is quantified in terms of the contrast discrimination function (CDF). The relationship between contrast sensitivity and spatial resolution describing the resolving and detecting capabilities is given by the contrast-detail-diagram (CDD metric, see also Guide E1441 and Practice E1570). This test method allows the purchaser or the provider of CT systems or services, or both, to measure and specify spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity and is a measure for system stability over time and performance acceptability.1.1 This test method provides instruction for determining the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in X-ray and γ-ray computed tomography (CT) volumes. The determination is based on examination of the CT volume of a uniform cylinder of material. The spatial resolution measurement (Modulation Transfer Function) is derived from an image analysis of the sharpness at the edges of the reconstructed cylinder slices. The contrast sensitivity measurement (Contrast Discrimination Function) is derived from an image analysis of the contrast and the statistical noise at the center of the cylinder slices.1.2 This test method is more quantitative and less susceptible to interpretation than alternative approaches because the required cylinder is easy to fabricate and the analysis easy to perform.1.3 This test method is not to predict the detectability of specific object features or flaws in a specific application. This is subject of IQI and RQI standards and standard practices.1.4 This method tests and describes overall CT system performance. Performance tests of systems components such as X-ray tubes, gamma sources, and detectors are covered by separate documents, namely Guide E1000, Practice E2737, and Practice E2002; c.f. 2.1, which should be consulted for further system analysis.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 Spinal implant constructs are typically a compilation of several components. Screws, plates, and rods are integral components of many spinal implant constructs. These components are designed to transfer load between the bone and the longitudinal or transverse element, or both. These specifications and test methods identify specifications for such components and define standard equivalent test methods that can be used when evaluating different related component designs.4.2 Since the loading of spinal components in-vivo may differ from the loading configurations addressed in these specifications and test methods, the results obtained from this document may not predict in-vivo performance of either the components or the construct as a whole. Such tests can, however, be used to compare different component designs in terms of relevant mechanical performance characteristics.4.3 The performance-related mechanical characteristics determined by these specifications and test methods will supply the user with information that may be used to predict the mechanical performance of different design variations of similar (function and indication) spinal construct components.AbstractThese specifications and test methods provide standard specifications that specify material, labeling, and handling requirements for components used in surgical fixation of the spinal skeletal system such as metallic spinal screws, spinal plates, and spinal rods. The specifications and test methods establish (1) common terminology that can be used to describe the size and other physical characteristics of spinal components and performance definitions related to the performance of spinal components, and (2) performance requirements and standard test methods to consistently measure performance-related mechanical characteristics of spinal components. It is not the intention of these specifications and test methods to define levels of performance or case-specific clinical performance for spinal components and to describe or specify specific designs for the individual components. For these specifications and test methods may not be appropriate for all types of spinal surgical fixation systems, the appropriateness of these specifications in view of the particular implant system and its potential application shall be considered. The test methods include static and fatigue bending strength tests. Requirements for marking and packaging are specified as well.1.1 These specifications and test methods are intended to provide a comprehensive reference for the components of systems used in the surgical fixation of the spinal skeletal system. The document catalogs standard specifications that specify material, labeling, and handling requirements. The specifications and test methods also establish common terminology that can be used to describe the size and other physical characteristics of spinal components and performance definitions related to the performance of spinal components. Additionally, the specifications and test methods establish performance requirements and standard test methods to consistently measure performance-related mechanical characteristics of spinal components.1.2 These specifications and test methods are part of a series of standards addressing systems used in the surgical fixation of the spinal skeletal system. These specifications and test methods concentrate on the individual components, which are found in many spinal fixation systems. If the user is interested in evaluating the next level in the spinal fixation system chain, the interconnections between individual components and subassemblies (two or more components), the user should consult Guide F1798. At the highest level in this chain is Test Methods F1717, which is used to evaluate an entire construct assembled from many components and involves numerous interconnections and several subassemblies.1.3 It is not the intention of these specifications and test methods to define levels of performance or case-specific clinical performance for spinal components addressed by this document. Insufficient knowledge to predict the consequences of using any of these components in individual patients for specific activities of daily living is available. Furthermore, it is not the intention of this document to describe or specify specific designs for the individual components of systems used in the surgical internal fixation of the spinal skeletal system.1.4 These specifications and test methods may not be appropriate for all types of spinal surgical fixation systems. The user is cautioned to consider the appropriateness of this document in view of the particular implant system and its potential application.1.5 This document includes the following specifications and test methods that are used in determining the spinal component's mechanical performance characteristics:1.5.1 Specification for Metallic Spinal Screws—Annex A1.1.5.2 Specification for Metallic Spinal Plates—Annex A2.1.5.3 Specification for Metallic Spinal Rods—Annex A3.1.5.4 Test Method for Measuring the Static and Fatigue Bending Strength of Metallic Spinal Screws—Annex A4.1.6 Unless otherwise indicated, the values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard.1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 This specification provides designers of general aviation aeroplanes a process for evaluating and testing a fuel system under hot weather conditions to ensure safety during flight. The specification is applicable to kerosene-type turbine engine fuels and fuel systems for traditional general aviation aeroplanes.1.1 This standard practice provides requirements for performing hot weather testing as a means of compliance to Subsection 7.7 of Specification F3063/F3063M for kerosene-type turbine fuels such as Jet A and Jet A-1 (Specification D1655). The appendix provides supplemental information and considerations for turbine fuel system hot weather operation. The material was developed through open consensus of international experts in general aviation.1.2 An applicant intending to propose this information as Means of Compliance for a design approval must seek guidance from their respective oversight authority (for example, published guidance from applicable civil aviation authorities (CAAs)) concerning the acceptable use and application thereof. For information on which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements hereinafter (“the Rules”), refer to the ASTM Committee F44 web page (www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning is given in Section 6 on Test Setup.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The analyzer sample system lag time estimated by this guide can be used in conjunction with the analyzer output to aid in optimizing control of blender facilities or process units. A known and constant lag time is key for the use in optimizing control.5.2 The lag time can be used in the tuning of control programs to set the proper optimization frequency.5.3 The application of this guide is not for the design of a sample system but to help understand the design and to estimate the performance of existing sample systems. Additional detailed information can be found in the references provided in the section entitled Additional Reading Material.1.1 This guide covers the application of routine calculations to estimate sample system lag time, in seconds, for gas, liquid, and mixed phase systems.1.2 This guide considers the sources of lag time from the process sample tap, tap conditioning, sample transport, pre-analysis conditioning and analysis.1.3 Lag times are estimated based on a prediction of flow characteristics, turbulent, non turbulent, or laminar, and the corresponding purge requirements.1.4 Mixed phase systems prevent reliable representative sampling so system lag times should not be used to predict sample representation of a mixed phase stream.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard and Appendix X1 examples where normally seen in industry.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

The purpose of this practice is to provide the minimum requirements necessary for the establishment of a quality assurance and production acceptance program for a manufacturer of light airplane UAS.1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements for the development of a Quality Assurance and Production Acceptance Program, to be used for the manufacture of Light Airplane Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS).1.2 Other documents relevant to this practice include Practice F 2279, 14 CFR Part 21, 14 CFR Part 23, and 14 CFR Part 43.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the quality assurance of the data-links, autopilot functions, and control stations.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This practice describes the procedures involved in the structural reinforcement, sealing, protection, and rehabilitation of sanitary sewer manholes by the application of a prepackaged protective cementitious liner system to all cleaned interior surface from the bottom of the frame to the bench. The manholes to which the cementitious liner shall be applied may be made of brick, concrete, block, and various other materials. Detailed descriptions are given for all prepackaged materials necessary for this practice that include materials for substrate repairs, cementitious repair materials, infiltration water control materials, cementitious water control materials, chemical grout materials, and lining materials. Detailed descriptions are also provided for each procedure involved here which includes surface preparation, high pressure cleaning, surface repair, mixing of prepackaged cementitious repair materials, spray application of the cement liner by manual surface sealing or centrifugal cast process, and curing of the freshly applied cementitious mortar.1.1 This specification describes all the work required to structurally reinforce, seal, and protect sanitary sewer manholes. Applications include applying a prepackaged cementitious liner that can function as a full depth restoration or a partial depth repair. A uniform high-strength, fiber-reinforced cementitious mortar should be manually sprayed and hand troweled or centrifugally cast in a uniform, prescribed thickness to all cleaned, interior surfaces from the bottom of the frame to the bench. The cementitious liner may be applied to manholes constructed of brick, concrete, block, and various other materials.1.2 A manufacturer’s approved applicator shall furnish the complete application of the protective, prepackaged cementitious liner material. All of the cleaning, preparation, and application procedures shall be in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Manholes are permit required confined spaces in accordance with OSHA definition and should be treated as such, requiring confined space entry permits, appropriate monitoring equipment, and the associated personal protective equipment.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 The dichromate system provides a reliable means for measuring absorbed dose to water. It is based on a process of reduction of dichromate ions to chromic ions in acidic aqueous solution by ionizing radiation.4.2 The dosimeter is a solution containing silver and dichromate ions in perchloric acid in an appropriate container such as a sealed glass ampoule. The solution indicates absorbed dose by a change (decrease) in optical absorbance at a specified wavelength(s) ((3), ICRU Report 80). A calibrated spectrophotometer is used to measure the absorbance.1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and procedure for using the acidic aqueous silver dichromate dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be referred to as the dichromate system. The dichromate dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The dichromate system may be used as either a reference standard dosimetry system or a routine dosimetry system.1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the dichromate dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.1.3 This practice describes the spectrophotometric analysis procedures for the dichromate system.1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions are satisfied:1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is from 2 × 10 3 to 5 × 104 Gy.1.5.2 The absorbed dose rate does not exceed 600 Gy/pulse (12.5 pulses per second), or does not exceed an equivalent dose rate of 7.5 kGy/s from continuous sources (1).21.5.3 For radionuclide gamma sources, the initial photon energy shall be greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the bremsstrahlung photons shall be equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy shall be greater than 8 MeV.Note 1—The lower energy limits given are appropriate for a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12 mm diameter. Corrections for displacement effects and dose gradient across the ampoule may be required for electron beams (2). The dichromate system may be used at lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeter containers (see ICRU Report 35).1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter shall be above 0°C and should be below 80°C.Note 2—The temperature coefficient of dosimeter response is known only in the range of 5 to 50°C (see 5.2). Use outside this range requires determination of the temperature coefficient.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 9.3.

定价： 702元 / 折扣价： 597 元 加购物车

This classification system covers polyamide-imide materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion. Polyamide-imide materials are classified into groups that are subdivided into classes and grades. These groups are: Group 01 which is suitable for injection molding, Group 02 which is suitable for extrusion, and Group 03 which is for other purposes. Each group is then subdivided into classes such as Class 1 used for general purpose, Class 2 used for wear resistance, Class 3 used for high strength conditions, and Class 0 for other conditions. Different tests shall be conducted in order to determine the following properties of polyamide-imide materials: tensile strength, elongation, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and Izod impact strength.1.1 This classification system covers polyamide-imide materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion.1.2 The properties included in this classification system are those required to identify the compositions covered. It is possible that other requirements are necessary to identify particular characteristics important to specialized applications. The use of suffixes as shown in Section 5 is one way of specifying these requirements.1.3 This standard allows for the use of recycled materials provided that specification requirements based upon this classification system are met.1.4 This classification system and subsequent line call-out (specification) is intended to be a means of calling out plastics materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts. It is not intended for the selection of materials. Material selection needs to be made by those having expertise in the plastics field after careful consideration of the design and the performance required of the part, the environment to which it will be exposed, the fabrication process to be employed, the inherent properties of the material other than those covered by this classification, and the economics.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. (Reporting in inch-pound units is acceptable.)1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 11, of this classification system: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and physical requirements for preformed silicone joint seals used in bridges. The seal consists of a silicone rubber gland preformed to a continuous length and is designed to prevent any tension from occurring in the seal or bonding point during normal movement. The seal is installed by bonding it to the joint header with a silicone-based adhesive, sealing the joint to prevent liquid intrusion. Physical requirements for the preformed silicone joint seal gland cover resistance to accelerated weathering, tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, tear strength, compression set, and heat-aged properties, whereas physical requirements for the silicone-based adhesive cover tensile strength, elongation at break, sag/flow, tack-free time, resistance to UV, and cure through to 1/4-in. thickness.1.1 This specification covers the material requirements for preformed silicone joint seals for bridges. The seal consists of a silicone rubber gland preformed to a continuous length. Its design shall prevent any tension from occurring in the seal or bonding point during normal movement. The seal is installed by bonding it to the joint header with a silicone-based adhesive and is designed to seal the joint, preventing liquid intrusion.1.2 The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This classification system covers unfilled, filled, and reinforced polyetherimide materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion. Unfilled polyetherimide materials are classified into groups according to their composition. These groups are subdivided into classes and grades. The plastic compositions shall be uniform and shall conform to the requirements specified. Determine the properties enumerated in this classification system using the referenced test methods.1.1 This classification system covers unfilled, filled, and reinforced polyetherimide materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion.1.2 This classification system is not intended for the selection of materials, but only as a means to call out plastic materials to be used for the manufacture of parts. The selection of these materials is to be made by personnel with expertise in the plastics field where the environment, inherent properties of the materials, performance of the parts, part design, manufacturing process, and economics are considered.1.3 The properties included in this classification system are those required to identify the compositions covered. Other requirements necessary to identify particular characteristics important to specialized applications are to be specified by using suffixes as given in Section 5.1.4 Polyetherimide materials, being thermoplastic, are reprocessable and recyclable. This classification system allows for the use of those polyetherimide materials, provided that all specific requirements of this classification system are met.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 12, of this classification system: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given at the end of 5.4.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The ECB dosimetry system provides a reliable means of measuring absorbed dose to water. It is based on a process of radiolytic formation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in aqueous ethanolic solutions of chlorobenzene by ionizing radiation ((7, 8) , ICRU 80).4.2 The dosimeters are partly deoxygenated solutions of chlorobenzene (CB) in 96 volume % ethanol in an appropriate container, such as a flame-sealed glass ampoule. Radiation chemical yields (G) for the formation of HCl in typical ECB solution formulations are given in Table 1.(A) The ratio of the photon mass energy-absorption coefficients for water and the dosimeter solution at 60Co gamma ray energy:(B) Radiation chemical yield of HCl in the dose range from 100 Gy to 100 kGy.(C) Upper dose range 20 kGy.(D) Lower dose range 1 kGy. This formulation also contained 0.04 % acetone and 0.04 % benzene.4.3 The irradiated solutions indicate absorbed dose by the amount of HCl formed. A number of analytical methods are available for measuring the amount of HCl in ethanol (10) .4.4 The concentration of chlorobenzene in the solution can be varied so as to simulate a number of materials in terms of the photon mass energy-absorption coefficients (μen/ρ) for X- and gamma radiation, and electron mass collision stopping powers (S/ρ), over a broad energy range from 10−2 to 100 MeV (11-14).4.5 The ECB dosimetry system may be used with other radiation types, such as neutrons (15) , and protons (16). Meaningful dosimetry of any radiation types and energies novel to the system's use requires that the respective radiation chemical responses applicable under the circumstances be established in advance.1.1 This practice covers the preparation, handling, testing, and procedure for using the ethanol-chlorobenzene (ECB) dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be referred to as the ECB system. The ECB dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The ECB dosimetry system may be used as a reference standard dosimetry system or as a routine dosimetry system.1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the ECB system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.1.3 This practice describes the mercurimetric titration analysis as a standard readout procedure for the ECB dosimeter when used as a reference standard dosimetry system. Other readout methods (spectrophotometric, oscillometric) that are applicable when the ECB system is used as a routine dosimetry system are described in Annex A1 and Annex A2.1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions are satisfied:1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is between 10 Gy and 2 MGy for gamma radiation and between 10 Gy and 200 kGy for high current electron accelerators (1, 2).2 (Warning—the boiling point of ethanol chlorobenzene solutions is approximately 80 °C. Ampoules may explode if the temperature during irradiation exceeds the boiling point. This boiling point may be exceeded if an absorbed dose greater than 200 kGy is given in a short period of time.)1.5.2 The absorbed-dose rate is less than 106 Gy s−1(2).1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial photon energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung photons, the energy of the electrons used to produce the bremsstrahlung photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy is greater than 8 MeV (3).NOTE 1: The same response relative to 60Co gamma radiation was obtained in high-power bremsstrahlung irradiation produced by a 5 MeV electron accelerator (4).NOTE 2: The lower energy limits are appropriate for a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections for dose gradients across the ampoule may be required for electron beams. The ECB system may be used at lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeters (see ICRU Report 35). The ECB system may also be used at X-ray energies as low as 120 kVp (5). However, in this range of photon energies the effect caused by the ampoule wall is considerable.NOTE 3: The effects of size and shape of the dosimeter on the response of the dosimeter can adequately be taken into account by performing the appropriate calculations using cavity theory (6).1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter is within the range from −30 °C to 80 °C.NOTE 4: The temperature dependence of dosimeter response is known only in this range (see 5.2). For use outside this range, the dosimetry system should be calibrated for the required range of irradiation temperatures.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings are given in 1.5.1, 9.2 and 10.2.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 All S/H systems change with time and use. Therefore, a calibration procedure for evaluating the operation of an S/H system is desirable. This calibration procedure provides a method of obtaining an optimized interferometric image pattern associated with a given size anomaly.5.2 The use of straining blocks as calibration devices provides a means for ensuring the continued optimal performance of the S/H system. Straining blocks can also be used to compare performance of S/H systems in different facilities.5.3 At not greater than a three (3) month interval the S/H system shall be calibrated following the procedures described in this practice. When necessary, adjustments, repairs, or modifications shall be made to the S/H system until it is able to observe, in the same image, all anomalies of size within the range of interest contained in the straining blocks.1.1 This practice describes the construction and use of a calibration device for demonstrating the anomaly detection capability of interferometric laser imaging nondestructive tire inspection system. A common practice within the industry is to refer to these systems as shearographic/holographic (S/H) systems.1.2 This standard practice applies to S/H systems that are used for evaluating the structural integrity of pneumatic tires, (for example, presence or absence of anomalies within the tire).1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is based on Test Method F903 for measuring resistance of chemical protective clothing materials to penetration by liquids. This test method is normally used to evaluate specimens from individual finished items of protective clothing and individual samples of materials that are candidates for items of protective clothing.5.1.1 Finished items of protective clothing include gloves, arm shields, aprons, gowns, coveralls, hoods, and boots.5.1.2 The phrase “specimens from finished items” encompasses seamed and other discontinuous regions, as well as the usual continuous regions of protective clothing items.5.2 It is known that body fluids penetrating protective clothing materials are likely to carry microbiological contaminants; however, visual detection methods are not sensitive enough to detect minute amounts of liquid containing microorganisms (1-3).7 This test method uses media containing Phi-X174 Bacteriophage. The visual detection technique of this test method is supplemented with a biologically based assay capable of detecting virus under the specified test conditions.5.3 Test Method F1670/F1670M allows the screening of protective clothing materials for resistance to penetration with synthetic blood as a challenge liquid. Test Method F1670/F1670M uses the same penetration test cell and technique, but exposes material specimens to synthetic blood with visual detection of liquid penetration. Materials passing Test Method F1670/F1670M should then be tested against bacteriophage penetration using this test method to verify performance.5.4 This test method has been specifically designed for measuring penetration of a surrogate microbe for Hepatitis (B and C) and the Human Immunodeficiency Viruses. The surrogate, Phi-X174 Bacteriophage, used in this test method is similar to HCV in size and shape but also serves as a surrogate for HBV and HIV. Inferences about protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.5.5 Part of the protocol in Procedures A and B in Table 1 for exposing the protective clothing material specimens to the Phi-X174 Bacteriophage challenge suspension involves pressurization of the penetration cell to 13.8 kPa [2 psig]. This hydrostatic pressure has been documented to discriminate between protective clothing material performance and correlate with visual penetration results that are obtained with a human factors validation (4). Some studies, however, suggest that mechanical pressures exceeding 345 kPa [50 psig] can occur during actual clinical use (5, 6). Therefore, it is important to understand that this test method does not simulate all the physical stresses and pressures that might be exerted on protective clothing materials during actual use.5.6 Medical protective clothing materials are intended to be a barrier to blood, body fluids, and other potentially infectious materials. Many factors can affect the wetting and penetration characteristics of body fluids, such as surface tension, viscosity, and polarity of the fluids, as well as the structure and relative hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity of the materials. The surface tension range for blood and body fluids (excluding saliva) is approximately 0.042 to 0.060 N/m (7). To help simulate the wetting characteristics of blood and body fluids, the surface tension of the Phi-X174 Bacteriophage challenge suspension is adjusted to approximate the lower end of this surface tension range. This is accomplished by adding surfactant to the Phi-X174 Bacteriophage nutrient broth. The resulting surface tension of the Phi-X174 Bacteriophage challenge suspension is approximately 0.042 ± 0.002 N/m.5.7 Testing prior to degradation by physical, chemical, and thermal stresses which could negatively impact the performance of the protective material could lead to a false sense of security. Additional tests should be considered that assess the impact of storage conditions and shelf life on disposable products and the impact of laundering and sterilization on reusable products. The integrity of the protective barrier may also be compromised during use by such effects as flexing and abrasion (8). Prewetting agents, such as alcohol, and contaminating agents, such as perspiration, may also compromise the integrity of the protective barrier. If these conditions are of concern, the performance of protective clothing materials should be evaluated for Phi-X174 Bacteriophage penetration following an appropriate preconditioning technique representative of the expected conditions of use.5.8 This test method involves a sensitive assay procedure for determining protective clothing material resistance to penetration by a surrogate microbe. Because of the length of time required to complete this method, it may not be suitable for use as a material or protective clothing quality control or quality assurance procedure.5.9 If this procedure is used for quality control or to support broad product claims concerning the viral-resistant properties of materials used in protective clothing, proper statistical design and analysis of larger data sets than those specified in this test method should be performed.8 Examples of acceptable sampling plans can be found in MIL-STD-105, ANSI/ASQ Z1.4, and ISO 2859-1.5.10 This test method requires a working knowledge of basic microbiological techniques (9).1.1 This test method is used to measure the resistance of materials used in protective clothing to penetration by blood-borne pathogens using a surrogate microbe under conditions of continuous liquid contact. Protective clothing material pass/fail determinations are based on the detection of viral penetration.1.1.1 This test method is not always effective in testing protective clothing materials having thick, inner liners which readily absorb the liquid assay fluid.1.2 This test method does not apply to all forms or conditions of blood-borne pathogen exposure. Users of the test method should review modes for worker/clothing exposure and assess the appropriateness of this test method for their specific applications.1.3 This test method has been specifically defined for modeling the viral penetration of Hepatitis (B and C) and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses transmitted in blood and other potentially infectious body fluids. Inferences for protection from other pathogens must be assessed on a case-by-case basis.1.4 This test method addresses only the performance of materials or certain material constructions (for example, seams) used in protective clothing and determined to be viral resistant. This test method does not address the design, overall construction and components, or interfaces of garments or other factors which may affect the overall protection offered by the protective clothing.1.5 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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