5.1 This practice describes procedures applicable to both shop and field conditions. More comprehensive or precise measurements of the characteristics of complete systems and their components will generally require laboratory techniques and electronic equipment such as oscilloscopes and signal generators. Substitution of these methods is not precluded where appropriate; however, their usage is not within the scope of this practice.5.2 This document does not establish system acceptance limits, nor is it intended as a comprehensive equipment specification.5.3 While several important characteristics are included, others of possible significance in some applications are not covered.5.4 Since the parameters to be evaluated and the applicable test conditions must be specified, this practice shall be prescribed only by those familiar with ultrasonic NDT technology and the required tests shall be performed either by such a qualified person or under his supervision.5.5 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in the format of the using facility.5.6 In the case of evaluation of a complete system, selection of the specific tests to be made should be done cautiously; if the related parameters are not critical in the intended application, then their inclusion may be unjustified. For example, vertical linearity may be irrelevant for a go/no-go test with a flaw gate alarm, while horizontal linearity might be required only for accurate flaw-depth or thickness measurement from the display screen.5.7 No frequency of system evaluation or calibration is recommended or implied. This is the prerogative of the using parties and is dependent on application, environment, and stability of equipment.5.8 Certain sections are applicable only to instruments having receiver gain controls calibrated in decibels (dB). While these may sometimes be designated “gain,” “attenuator,” or “sensitivity” on various instruments, the term “gain controls” will be used in this practice in referring to those which specifically control instrument receiver gain but not including reject, electronic distance-amplitude compensation, or automatic gain control.5.9 These procedures can generally be applied to any combination of instrument and search unit of the commonly used types and frequencies, and to most straight-beam examination, either contact or immersed. Certain sections are also compatible with angle-beam, wheel, delay-line, and dual-search unit techniques. Their use, however, should be mutually agreed upon and so identified in the test report.5.10 The validity of the results obtained will depend on the precision of the instrument display readings. This is assumed to be ±0.04 in. (±1 mm), yielding between 1 % and 2 % of full scale (fs) readability for available instrumentation having suitable screen graticules and display sharpness.1.1 This practice describes procedures for evaluating the following performance characteristics of ultrasonic pulse-echo examination instruments and systems: Horizontal Limit and Linearity; Vertical Limit and Linearity; Resolution - Entry Surface and Far Surface; Sensitivity and Noise; Accuracy of Calibrated Gain Controls. Evaluation of these characteristics is intended to be used for comparing instruments and systems or, by periodic repetition, for detecting long-term changes in the characteristics of a given instrument or system that may be indicative of impending failure, and which, if beyond certain limits, will require corrective maintenance. Instrument characteristics measured in accordance with this practice are expressed in terms that relate to their potential usefulness for ultrasonic testing. Instrument characteristics expressed in purely electronic terms may be measured as described in Guide E1324.1.2 Ultrasonic examination systems using pulsed-wave trains and A-scan presentation (rf or video) may be evaluated.1.3 The procedures are applicable to shop or field conditions; additional electronic measurement instrumentation is not required.1.4 This practice establishes no performance limits for examination systems; if such acceptance criteria are required, these must be specified by the using parties. Where acceptance criteria are implied herein, they are for example only and are subject to more or less restrictive limits imposed by customer's and end user's controlling documents.1.5 The specific parameters to be evaluated, conditions and frequency of test, and report data required must also be determined by the user.1.6 This practice may be used for the evaluation of a complete examination system, including search unit, instrument, interconnections, fixtures and connected alarm and auxiliary devices, primarily in cases where such a system is used repetitively without change or substitution. This practice is not intended to be used as a substitute for calibration or standardization of an instrument or system to inspect any given material. There are limitations to the use of standard reference blocks for that purpose.21.7 Required test apparatus includes selected test blocks and a precision external attenuator (where specified) in addition to the instrument or system to be evaluated.1.8 Precautions relating to the applicability of the procedures and interpretation of the results are included.1.9 Alternate procedures, such as examples described in this document, or others, may only be used with customer approval.1.10 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Tests and criteria as outlined determine the overall usability and stability of chairs in an environment simulating the conditions of use.4.2 Tests simulate two types of surfaces:4.2.1 Smooth surfaces such as linoleum, wet pool decks, etc. The glass testing base (see Fig. 5) is used to simulate this surface.FIG. 5 Glass Testing BaseNOTE 1: A = poly(methyl methacrylate) 0.25 ± 0.03 in. (6 ± 0.1 mm) thickness,B = AC exterior glue fir plywood 0.75 ± 0.1 in. (19 ± 2 mm) or greater thickness,C = polypropylene microfoam 0.7± 0.01 lb/ft3 (11 ± 0.2 kg/m3) density and 0.13 ± 0.01 in. (3 ± 0.03 mm) thickness, andD = glass/tempered 0.38 ± 0.04 in. (10 ± 0.1 mm) thickness.NOTE 2: A, B,C, and D are sheets roughly 48 in. (1219 mm) on a side or greater to accommodate the length of the chaise lounge.4.2.2 Rough surfaces such as wooden decks, outdoor natural surfaces, etc. The plywood testing base (see Fig. 6) is used to simulate this surface.FIG. 6 Plywood Testing BaseNOTE 1: A = poly(methyl methacrylate) 0.25 ± 0.03 in. (6 ± 0.1 mm) thickness, andB = AC exterior glue fir plywood 0.75 ± 0.1 in. (19 ± 2 mm) or greater thickness.NOTE 2: A and B are sheets roughly 48 in. (1219 mm) on a side or greater to accommodate the length of the chaise lounge.1.1 These performance requirements establish nationally recognized performance requirements for Class A (residential) and Class B (nonresidential) plastic chaise lounges, with or without moving arms, with adjustable backs, intended for outdoor use.1.2 The performance requirements are not applicable to upholstered chairs, or other types of furniture.1.3 These performance requirements cover the performance of the product regarding aspects of outdoor weathering, impact, static load for seat and back, and arm testing.1.4 Products may be manufactured from recycled plastics as long as the performance requirements are met.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Conformable Eddy Current Sensors—Conformable, eddy current sensors can be used on both flat and curved surfaces, including fillets, cylindrical surfaces, etc. When used with models for predicting the sensor response and appropriate algorithms, these sensors can measure variations in physical properties, such as electrical conductivity or magnetic permeability, or both, as well as thickness of conductive coatings on any substrate and nonconductive coatings on conductive substrates or on a conducting coating. These property variations can be used to detect and characterize heterogeneous regions within the conductive coatings, for example, regions of locally higher porosity.4.2 Sensors and Sensor Arrays—Depending on the application, either a single-sensing element sensor or a sensor array can be used for coating characterization. A sensor array provides a better capability to map spatial variations in coating thickness or conductivity, or both (reflecting, for example, porosity variations), and provides better throughput for scanning large areas. The size of the sensor footprint and the size and number of sensing elements within an array depend on the application requirements and constraints, and the nonconductive (for example, ceramic) coating thickness.4.3 Coating Thickness Range—The conductive coating thickness range over which a sensor performs best depends on the difference between the electrical conductivity of the substrate and conductive coating and available frequency range. For example, a specific sensor geometry with a specific frequency range for impedance measurements may provide acceptable performance for an MCrAlY coating over a nickel-alloy substrate for a relatively wide range of conductive coating thickness, for example, from 75 to 400 μm (0.003 to 0.016 in.). Yet, for another conductive coating-substrate combination, this range may be 10 to 100 μm (0.0004 to 0.004 in.). The coating characterization performance may also depend on the thickness of a nonconductive topcoat. For any coating system, performance verification on representative coated specimens is critical to establishing the range of optimum performance. For nonconductive coatings, such as ceramic coatings, the thickness measurement range increases with an increase of the spatial wavelength of the sensor (for example, thicker coatings can be measured with larger sensor winding spatial wavelength). For nonconductive coatings, when roughness of the coating may have a significant effect on the thickness measurement, independent measurements of the nonconductive coating roughness, for example, by profilometry, may provide a correction for the roughness effects.4.4 Process-Affected Zone—For some processes, for example, shot peening, the process-affected zone can be represented by an effective layer thickness and conductivity. These values can in turn be used to assess process quality. A strong correlation must be demonstrated between these “effective coating” properties and process quality.4.5 Three-Unknown Algorithm—Use of multiple-frequency impedance measurements and a three-unknown algorithm permits independent determination of three unknowns: (1) thickness of conductive nonmagnetic coatings, (2) conductivity of conductive nonmagnetic coatings, and (3) lift-off that provides a measure of the nonconductive coating thickness.4.6 Accuracy—Depending on the material properties and frequency range, there is an optimal measurement performance range for each coating system. The instrument, its air standardization or reference substrate standardization, or both, and its operation permit the coating thickness to be determined within ±15 % of its true thickness for coating thickness within the optimal range and within ±30 % outside the optimal range. Better performance may be required for some applications.4.7 Databases for Sensor Response—Databases of sensor responses may be used to represent the model response for the sensor. These databases may be based upon physical models or empirical relations. The databases list expected sensor responses (for example, the real and imaginary parts or the magnitude and phase of the complex transimpedance between the sense element and drive winding) over relevant ranges in the properties of interest. Example properties for a coated substrate material are the magnetic permeability or electrical conductivity of the substrate, or both, the electrical conductivity and thickness of the coating, and the lift-off. The ranges of the property values within the databases should span the expected property ranges for the material system to be examined.1.1 This practice covers the use of conformable eddy current sensors for nondestructive characterization of coatings without standardization on coated reference parts. It includes the following: (1) thickness measurement of a conductive coating on a conductive substrate, (2) detection and characterization of local regions of increased porosity of a conductive coating, and (3) measurement of thickness for nonconductive coatings on a conductive substrate or on a conductive coating. This practice includes only nonmagnetic coatings on either magnetic (μ ≠ μ0) or nonmagnetic (μ = μ0) substrates. In addition to discrete coatings on substrates, this practice can also be used to measure the effective thickness of a process-affected zone (for example, shot peened layer for aluminum alloys, alpha case for titanium alloys) and to assess the condition of other layered media such as joints (for example, lap joints and skin panels over structural supports). For specific types of coated parts, the user may need a more specific procedure tailored to a specific application.1.2 Specific uses of conventional eddy current sensors are covered by Practices D7091 and E376 and the following test methods issued by ASTM: B244 and E1004. Guidance for the use of conformable eddy current sensor arrays is provided in Guide E2884.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice can be used to describe the effects of materials, manufacturing, and design variables on the fatigue resistance of metallic stemmed femoral components subjected to cyclic loading for relatively large numbers of cycles. The recommended test assumes a “worst case” situation where proximal support for the stem has been lost. It is also recognized that for some materials the environment may have an effect on the response to cyclic loading. The test environment used and the rationale for the choice of that environment should be described in the report. It is recognized that actual in vivo loading conditions are not ofconstant amplitude. However, there is not sufficient information available to create standard load spectrums for metallic stemmed femoral components. Accordingly, a simple periodic constant amplitude force is recommended. In order for fatigue data on femoral stems to be useful for comparison, it must be reproducible among different laboratories. Consequently, it is essential that uniform procedures be established.1.1 This practice describes a method for the fatigue testing of metallic stemmed femoral components used in hip arthroplasty. The described method is intended to be used to evaluate the comparison of various designs and materials used for stemmed femoral components used in the arthroplasty. This practice covers procedures for the performance of fatigue tests using (as a forcing function) a periodic constant amplitude force. 1.2 This practice applies primarily to one-piece prostheses and modular components, with head in place such that prostheses should not have an anterior/posterior bow, and should have a nearly straight section on the distal 50 mm of the stem. This practice may require modifications to accommodate other femoral stem designs. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.4 For additional information see Refs. (1-5) .

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This specification covers three types of aluminum-pigmented asphalt roof coatings suitable for application to roofing or masonry surfaces by brush or spray. Type I is nonfibered, Type II is fibered with asbestos, and Type III is fibered other than asbestos. The coatings shall adhere to chemical requirements such as composition limits for water, nonvolatile matter, metallic aluminum, and insolubility in CS2. They shall also meet physical requirements as to uniformity, consistency, and luminous reflectance.1.1 This specification covers asphalt-based, aluminum-pigmented roof coatings suitable for application to roofing or masonry surfaces by brush or spray.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers sheet floor covering having a vinyl wear layer without backing. Products also may contain a clear specialty performance top layers. This type of floor covering is intended for use in commercial and light commercial buildings. The wear layer shall have a vinyl plastic binder and may include pigments, fillers, extenders, and other ingredients. This layer shall be stabilized against heat and light deterioration. The binder content of the PVC-pattern portion of the wear layer such as vinyl resins, plasticizers, and stabilizers shall be a minimum of 50 %.1.1 This specification covers sheet floor covering having a vinyl wear layer without backing. Products also may contain a clear specialty performance top layer(s).1.2 This type of floor covering is intended for use in commercial and light commercial buildings. General information and performance characteristics, which determine serviceability and recommended use, are included in this specification.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating acoustic emissions generated by the rapid release of energy from localized sources within an aerial personnel device under controlled loading. The resultant energy releases occur during intentional application of a controlled predetermined load. These energy releases can be monitored and interpreted by qualified individuals.5.2 This test method permits testing of the major components of an aerial personnel device under controlled loading. This test method utilizes objective criteria for evaluation and may be discontinued at any time to investigate a particular area of concern or prevent a fault from continuing to ultimate failure.5.3 This test method provides a means of detecting acoustic emission sources that may be defects or irregularities, or both, affecting the structural integrity or intended use of the aerial personnel device.5.4 Sources of acoustic emission found with this test method shall be evaluated by either more refined acoustic emission test methods or other nondestructive techniques (visual, liquid penetrant, radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, etc.). Other nondestructive tests may be required to locate defects present in aerial personnel devices.5.5 Defective areas found in aerial personnel devices by this test method should be repaired and retested as appropriate. Repair procedure recommendations are outside the scope of this test method.1.1 This test method describes a procedure for non-destructive testing using acoustic emission (AE) testing for aerial personnel devices, which do not have a supplemental load handling attachment.1.1.1 Equipment Covered—This test method covers the following types of vehicle-mounted insulated aerial personnel devices:1.1.1.1 Extensible boom aerial personnel devices,1.1.1.2 Articulating boom aerial personnel devices, and1.1.1.3 Any combination of 1.1.1.1 and 1.1.1.2.1.1.2 Equipment Not Covered—This test method does not cover any of the following equipment:1.1.2.1 Material-handling aerial devices,1.1.2.2 Digger-derricks with platform, and1.1.2.3 Cranes with platform.1.2 The AE test method is used to detect and area-locate emission sources. Verification of emission sources may require the use of other nondestructive test (NDT) methods, such as radiography, ultrasonics, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, and visual inspection. Warning—This test method requires that external loads be applied to the superstructure of the vehicle under test. During the test, caution must be taken to safeguard personnel and equipment against unexpected failure or instability of the vehicle or components.NOTE 1: This test method is not intended to be a stand alone NDT method for the verification of the structural integrity of an aerial device. Other NDT methods should be used to supplement the results.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Insoluble material may form in oils that are subjected to oxidizing conditions.5.2 Significant formation of oil insolubles or metal corrosion products, or both, during this test may indicate that the oil will form insolubles or corrode metals, or both, resulting in varnish formation during field service. The level of varnish formation in service will be dependent on many factors (turbine design, reservoir temperature, duty-cycle, for example. peaking, cycling, or base-load duty, maintenance, and so forth) and a direct correlation between results in this test and field varnish formation are yet to be established.5.3 Oxidation condition at 120 °C under accelerated oxidation environment of Test Method D4310 and measurement of sludge and RPVOT value could reflect a practical oil quality in actual turbine operations. Results from this test should be used together with other key lubricant performance indicators (including other established oxidation and corrosion tests) to indicate suitability for service.1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the sludging tendencies of steam and gas turbine lubricants during the oxidation process in the presence of oxygen and metal catalyst (copper and iron) at an elevated temperature. This test method may be used to evaluate industrial oils (for example, circulating oils and so forth).1.2 This test method is a modification of Test Method D4310 where the sludging and corrosion tendencies of the same kinds of oils are determined after 1000 h at 95 °C in the presence of water. Water is omitted in this modification.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses in some of the figures are provided for information only for those using old equipment based on non-SI units.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Often it is necessary to dissolve the sample, particularly if it is a solid, before atomic spectroscopic measurements. It is advantageous to use a microwave oven for dissolution of such samples since it is a far more rapid way of dissolving the samples instead of using the traditional procedures of dissolving the samples in acid solutions using a pressure decomposition vessel, or other means.5.2 The advantage of microwave dissolution includes faster digestion that results from the high temperature and pressure attained inside the sealed containers. The use of closed vessels also makes it possible to eliminate uncontrolled trace element losses of volatile species that are present in a sample or that are formed during sample dissolution. Volatile elements arsenic, boron, chromium, mercury, antimony, selenium, and tin may be lost with some open vessel acid dissolution procedures. Another advantage of microwave aided dissolution is to have better control of potential contamination in blank as compared to open vessel procedures. This is due to less contamination from laboratory environment, unclean containers, and smaller quantity of reagents used (9).5.3 Because of the differences among various makes and models of satisfactory devices, no detailed operating instructions can be provided. Instead, the analyst should follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular device.5.4 Mechanism of Microwave Heating—Microwaves have the capability to heat one material much more rapidly than another since materials vary greatly in their ability to absorb microwaves depending upon their polarities. Microwave oven is acting as a source of intense energy to rapidly heat the sample. However, a chemical reaction is still necessary to complete the dissolution of the sample into acid mixtures. Microwave heating is internal as well as external as opposed to the conventional heating which is only external. Better contact between the sample particles and the acids is the key to rapid dissolution. Thus, heavy nonporous materials such as fuel oils or coke are not as efficiently dissolved by microwave heating. Local internal heating taking place on individual particles can result in the rupture of the particles, thus exposing a fresh surface to the reagent contact. Heated dielectric liquids (water/acid) in contact with the dielectric particles generate heat orders of magnitude above the surface of a particle. This can create large thermal convection currents which can agitate and sweep away the stagnant surface layers of dissolved solution and thus, expose fresh surface to fresh solution. Simple microwave heating alone, however, will not break the chemical bonds, since the proton energy is less than the strength of the chemical bond (5).5.4.1 In the electromagnetic irradiation zone, the combination of the acid solution and the electromagnetic radiation results in near complete dissolution of the inorganic constituents in the carbonaceous solids. Evidently, the electromagnetic energy promotes the reaction of the acid with the inorganic constituents thereby facilitating the dissolution of these constituents without destroying any of the carbonaceous material. It is believed that the electromagnetic radiation serves as a source of intense energy which rapidly heats the acid solution and the internal as well as the external portions of the individual particles in the slurry. This rapid and intense internal heating either facilitates the diffusion processes of the inorganic constituents in solution or ruptures the individual particles thereby exposing additional inorganic constituents to the reactive acid. The heat generated in the aqueous liquid itself will vary at different points around the liquid-solid interface and this may create large thermal convection currents which can agitate and sweep away the spent acid solution containing dissolved inorganic constituents from the surface layers of the carbonaceous particles thus exposing the particle surfaces to fresh acid (16).5.4.2 Unlike other heating mechanisms, true control of microwave heating is possible because stopping of the application of energy instantly halts the heating (except the exotherms which can be rapid when pure compounds are digested). The direction of heat flow is reversed from conventional heating, as microwave energy is absorbed by the contents of the container, energy is converted to heat, and the bulk temperature of the contents rises. Heat is transferred from the reagent and sample mixture to the container and dissipated through conduction to the surrounding atmosphere. Newer synthesized containers made up of light yet strong polymers can withstand over 240 °C temperatures and over 800 psi pressure. During the digestion process of samples containing organic compounds, largely insoluble gases such as CO2 are formed. These gases combine with the vapor pressure from the reagents, at any temperature, to produce the total pressure inside the vessel. Since the heat flow from a microwave digestion vessel is reversed from that of resistive devices, the total pressures generated for microwave dissolutions are significantly lower at the same temperature than other comparably heated devices or systems. This means larger samples can be digested at higher temperatures and lower pressures than would normally be expected from such pressurized vessels. Sample size should be controlled to prevent rapid exotherm rupture, exacerbated by excess CO2 generation. However, the pressure limitations of the vessel still restrict both the sample size that can be used and the maximum temperature that can be achieved due to the vapor pressure resulting from the reagents (17).5.4.3 Organic and polymer samples can be especially problematic because they are highly volatile and produce large amounts of gaseous by-products such as CO2 and NOx. As a result larger sample sizes will produce higher pressures inside the digestion vessel. Generally, no more than 1 g of these sample types can be digested in a closed vessel (18).5.4.3.1 While in open digestion vessel systems the operating temperatures are limited by the acid solutions’ boiling points, temperatures in the 200 °C to 260 °C range can be typically achieved in sealed digestion vessels. This results in a dramatic acceleration of the reaction kinetics, allowing the digestion reactions to be carried out in a shorter time period. The higher temperatures, however, result in a pressure increase in the vessel and thus in a potential safety hazard. Rapid heating of the sample solution can induce exothermic reactions during the digestion process. Therefore in modern microwave digestion systems, sensors and interlocks for temperature and pressure control are introduced. Since different types of sample behave differently in microwave field, heating control is necessary in this operation (19).5.4.4 Microwave heating occurs because microwave reactors generate an electromagnetic field that interacts with polarizable molecules or ions in the materials. As the polarized species compete to align their dipoles with the oscillating field, they rotate, migrate, and rub against each other, causing them to heat up. This microwave effect differs from indirect heating by conduction achieved by using a hot plate (20).1.1 This practice covers the procedure for use of microwave radiation for sample decomposition prior to elemental determination by atomic spectroscopy.1.1.1 Although this practice is based on the use of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) as the primary measurement techniques, other atomic spectrometric techniques may be used if lower detection limits are required and the analytical performance criteria are achieved.1.2 This practice is applicable to both petroleum products and lubricants such as greases, additives, lubricating oils, gasolines, and diesels.1.3 Although not a part of Committee D02’s jurisdiction, this practice is also applicable to other fossil fuel products such as coal, fly ash, coal ash, coke, and oil shale.1.3.1 Some examples of actual use of microwave heating for elemental analysis of fossil fuel products and other materials are given in Table 1.(A) The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.1.3.2 Some additional examples of ASTM methods for microwave assisted analysis in the non-fossil fuels area are included in Appendix X1.1.4 During the sample dissolution, the samples may be decomposed with a variety of acid mixture(s). It is beyond the scope of this practice to specify appropriate acid mixtures for all possible combinations of elements present in all types of samples. But if the dissolution results in any visible insoluble material, this practice may not be applicable for the type of sample being analyzed, assuming the insoluble material contains some of the analytes of interest.1.5 It is possible that this microwave-assisted decomposition procedure may lead to a loss of “volatile” elements such as arsenic, boron, chromium, mercury, antimony, selenium, and/or tin from the samples. Chemical species of the elements is also a concern in such dissolutions since some species may not be digested and have a different sample introduction efficiency.1.6 A reference material or suitable NIST Standard Reference Material should be used to confirm the recovery of analytes. If these are not available, the sample should be spiked with a known concentration of analyte prior to microwave digestion.1.7 Additional information on sample preparation procedures for elemental analysis of petroleum products and lubricants can be found in Practice D7455.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Sections 6 and 7.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The test results provide an indication of the motor life of an electric vacuum cleaner in operating hours. The end of the motor life will be judged in accordance with Section 3.1.1 This test method is limited to evaluation of canister, hand-held, stick, and utility type vacuum cleaners without a driven agitator.1.2 This test method provides a test to determine operating life of the motor, before servicing is needed, by an accelerated laboratory procedure. The motor is tested while mounted and is operated in a vacuum cleaner.1.3 The values as stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of single and multilayered liquids, with or without solids, from drums or similar containers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or otherwise compromised. Special handling procedures (for example, remote drum opening, over-pressurized drum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of single or multilayered liquids, with or without solids, in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements should be described in the site-specific work plan.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 7.2.4, 7.2.7.1, and Notes 1 and 2.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The use of this practice presupposes that the failure criteria selected to evaluate materials (that is, the property or properties being measured as a function of exposure time) and the duration of the exposure can be shown to relate to the intended use of the materials.4.2 Plastic materials exposed to heat are subject to many types of physical and chemical changes. The severity of the exposures in both time and temperature determines the extent and type of change that takes place. A plastic material is not necessarily degraded by exposure to elevated temperatures. However, extended periods of exposure of plastics to elevated temperatures will generally cause some degradation, with progressive changes in physical properties. Specific properties and failure (or lifetime) criteria for these properties are typically chosen for the evaluation of thermal endurance.4.3 Generally, short exposures at elevated temperatures drive out volatiles such as moisture, solvents, or plasticizers, relieve molding stresses, advance the cure of thermosets, and may cause some change in color of the plastic or coloring agent, or both. Normally, additional shrinkage should be expected with loss of volatiles or advance in polymerization.4.4 Some plastic materials become brittle due to loss of plasticizers after exposure at elevated temperatures. Other types of plastics become soft and sticky, either due to sorption of volatilized plasticizer or due to breakdown of the polymer.4.5 The degree of change observed will depend on the property measured. Different properties, mechanical or electrical, may not change at the same rate. For instance, the arc resistance of thermosetting compounds improves up to the carbonization point of the material. Mechanical properties, such as flexural properties, are sensitive to heat degradation and may change at a more rapid rate. Ultimate properties such as strength or elongation are more sensitive to degradation than bulk properties such as modulus, in most cases.4.6 The material studied can change inherent behavior with change in temperature as for example when crossing α, β, and γ transitions. These transitions should be avoided both in the range of aging temperatures used, as well as in extrapolation of the lifeline. Arrhenius principles may only be used to accelerate a chemical mechanism if there are no fundamental changes in the material properties. With semi-crystalline and highly crystalline polymers, elevated temperatures may cause significant changes to the morphology of the material, invalidating or compromising that assumption.NOTE 2: Caution should be exercised in using the Arrhenius relation and knowledge of physical changes in the material at elevated temperatures is important. Guidance given in ISO 9080 for characterizing lifetime of plastic materials in pipe form by extrapolation suggests that the highest oven aging temperature should be at least 15°C lower than the Vicat softening temperature for glassy amorphous polymers, and at least 15°C lower than the melting point for semi-crystalline polymers.4.7 Effects of exposure can be quite variable, especially when specimens are exposed for long intervals of time. Factors that affect the reproducibility of data are the degree of temperature control of the enclosure, humidity of the oven, air velocity over the specimen, and period of exposure. Errors in exposure are cumulative with time. Certain materials are susceptible to the influence of humidity.4.8 It is not to be inferred that comparative material ranking is undesirable or unworkable. On the contrary, this practice is designed to provide data which can be used for such comparative purposes. However, the data obtained from this practice, since it does not account for the influence of stress or environment that is involved in most real life applications, must be used cautiously by the designer, who must inevitably make material choices using additional data such as creep and creep rupture that are consistent with the requirements of the specific application.4.9 It is possible for many CUT and TI values to exist. Therefore, for any application of the CUT or the TI (temperature index) to be valid, either the thermal aging program must duplicate the intended thermal exposure conditions of the end product, or the Arrhenius relation must apply.4.10 There can be very large errors when Arrhenius plots or equations based on data from experiments at a series of temperatures are used to estimate time to produce a defined property change at some lower temperature. This estimate of time to produce the property change or “failure” at the lower temperature is often called the “service life;” however, using this term should be avoided as this implies the tester has information on specific failure criteria in end-use, while numerous factors are not under the scope of this test. It is preferable to use terms such as “end point,” “thermal endurance time,” and such. Because of the errors associated with these calculations, this endurance time should be considered as “maximum expected” rather than “typical.”1.1 This practice is intended to define the exposure conditions for evaluating the thermal endurance of plastics when exposed solely to hot air for extended periods of time. Only the procedure for heat exposure is specified. The effect of elevated temperature on any particular property is determined by selection of the appropriate test method and test specimens for that property.1.2 This practice can be used as a guide to compare thermal aging characteristics of materials as measured by the change in some property of interest. The property of interest is measured at room temperature.1.3 This practice recommends procedures for comparing the thermal aging characteristics of materials at a single temperature. Recommended procedures for determining the thermal aging characteristics of a material using a series of elevated temperatures for the purpose of estimating endurance time to a defined property change at a lower temperature are also described; the applicability of the Arrhenius relation for making predictions to other temperatures, is assumed in this case.1.4 This practice does not predict thermal aging characteristics where interactions between stress, environment, temperature, and time control failure occur.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This standard and ISO-2578 address the same subject matter but differ in technical content.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods provide a rapid, simple to apply method to detect small leaks in flexible package seals or walls at the leak rate level of greater than 1 × 10−4 sccs, thus providing a measure of package integrity. Porous barrier film packages made non-porous with an impermeable film forming coating may demonstrate lateral leakage through the barrier material. Verification of leakage differences from background leakage must be included in validation methods. The use of calibrated hole sizes or orifices may be appropriate to determine leakage sensitivity or barrier integrity for these materials.5.2 While theoretical leak rate sensitivity can be established by calculation, the test measurement is in pressure units and the measuring instrument must be calibrated, certified, and verified with these units.5.3 The pressure decay method of leak testing is a physical measure of package integrity. When testing medical packaging which must conform to ISO 11607–1: 2006 standards, it may necessary to verify the results of the pressure decay test method with other sterile package integrity test methods.5.4 Test Method A allows packages to be pressurized without restraint. In Test Method A the pouch, tray, or other type package will contain a volume of air defined by its mechanical configuration and its ability to resist internal pressure applied. This test method requires that the package reach a stable volume configuration (stop stretching) to make a measurement.5.5 Test Method B allows the use of rigid restraining plates against the walls of the package to limit its volume and stabilize the package volume.1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of leaks in nonporous film, foil, or laminate flexible pouches and foil-sealed trays, which may be empty or enclose solid product. If product is enclosed, seals or surfaces cannot be in contact with water, oils, or other liquid.1.2 These test methods will detect leaks at a rate of 1 × 10−4 sccs (standard cubic centimetres per second) or greater, in flexible packages. The limitation of leak rate is dependent on package volume as tested.1.3 The following test methods are included:1.3.1 Test Method A—Pressure Decay Leak Test for Flexible Packages Without Restraining Plates1.3.2 Test Method B—Pressure Decay Leak Test for Flexible Packages With Restraining Plates1.4 These test methods are destructive in that they require entry into the package to supply an internal pressure of gas, typically air or nitrogen, although other gases may be used. The entry connection into the flexible package must be leak-tight.1.5 For porous packages, see 9.3.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the basic requirements for non-electrolytically applied zinc-flake composite corrosion protective coating systems for fasteners. The requirements apply to appearance, adhesion, corrosion resistance, blisters, thread fit, hydrogen embrittlement, and total coefficient of friction. The coating systems covered by this specification do not contain hexavalent chromium, lead, cadmium, or mercury. This specification is intended for corrosion protection of inch and metric series threaded fasteners as well as for non-threaded fasteners such as washers and pins. This specification also covers test methods, application, inspection, and certification.1.1 This specification covers the basic requirements for non-electrolytically applied zinc-flake composite corrosion protective coating systems for fasteners (See Note 1).NOTE 1: The coating systems do not contain hexavalent chromium, lead, cadmium, or mercury.1.2 This specification is intended for corrosion protection of inch and metric series threaded fasteners with minimum nominal diameters of 0.250 in. for inch series and [6.00 mm] for metric as well as for non-threaded fasteners such as washers and pins.1.3 This coating system may be specified to consist of a zinc-flake basecoat, or a zinc-flake basecoat and topcoat (See Note 2).NOTE 2: For threaded fasteners, the coating system will typically consist of a zinc-flake basecoat and topcoat.1.3.1 The basecoat is a zinc-rich material containing aluminum flakes dispersed in a compatible liquid medium. The zinc-flake basecoat may be specified to contain integral lubricant.1.3.2 Topcoats may be organic or inorganic in composition depending upon the specified requirements.1.3.2.1 Organic topcoats consist of polymer resins, aluminum, dispersed pigments, and are colored in their applied state.1.3.2.2 Inorganic topcoats consist of water-dispersed silicate compounds and are transparent in their applied state.1.3.2.3 Topcoats contain integral lubricants and are applied in conjunction with zinc-flake basecoats to form a coating system with enhanced performance attributes such as increased corrosion resistance, total coefficient of friction properties, chemical resistance, and color.1.4 These zinc-flake basecoats and topcoats are applied by conventional dip-spin, dip-drain, or spray methods to fasteners which can be handled through a cleaning, coating, and curing operation. The maximum curing temperature is 482 °F [250 °C].1.5 The friction properties of the coating system may be determined by a standard test to verify process control or by a part specific test which requires the purchaser to establish and communicate technical criteria.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the strength of cylindrical rock core specimens in an undrained state under triaxial compression loading. The test provides data useful in determining the strength of rock, namely: shear strengths at various lateral pressures and temperatures, angle of internal friction, (angle of shearing resistance), cohesion intercept, and Young's modulus. It should be observed that this method makes no provision for pore pressure measurements. Thus the strength values determined are in terms of total stress, that is, not corrected for pore pressures.1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

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