5.1 Typically, denatured fuel ethanol is added to gasoline blendstocks after production. For laboratories to test a sample that is similar to the finished fuel available in the market, it is important to provide a laboratory practice that standardizes the preparation of a blend of denatured fuel ethanol and gasoline blendstock.5.2 The laboratory blend shall be prepared volumetrically to yield a fuel similar to that produced for consumer use.5.3 When applicable, blends shall meet requirements of CFR 40.80, Subpart D—Reformulated Gasoline.1.1 This practice covers and provides instructions on making a volumetric blend of denatured fuel ethanol with gasoline blendstocks, such as a reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) or a conventional gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (CBOB).1.2 This practice does not preclude the use of automated volumetric blending systems.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method measures the hot tack of wax-polymer blends used to seal flexible packaging. The blend may be a uniform coating, or a post-applied adhesive. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method is an extension of Test Method D5403. While Test Method D5403 specifies that a test specimen be cured by exposure to UV or EB as prescribed by the supplier of the material, most radiation curable monomers and oligomers provided as raw materials to formulators are not designed to be used alone but rather as blends of monomers and oligomers so that there are no “supplier prescribed” exposure conditions. Test Method D5403 is not appropriate for the measurement of volatiles from thin radiation-curable coatings because supplier prescribed cure conditions include both a thickness and an exposure specification which are difficult or impossible to achieve in a test lab. Furthermore, inks form a special class of thin radiation curable coatings because they are formulated with known interferences (for example, pigments). As a result, Test Method D5403 does not provide a method for measuring volatiles from monomers and oligomers used as raw materials in the formulation of radiation curable coatings nor does it provide a method for measuring volatiles from thin radiation curable coatings such as inks.5.2 This test method provides a means to measure the volatile content of individual acrylate monomers, oligomers, and blends commonly used to formulate radiation curable coatings such as printing inks. Such coatings comprise liquid or solid reactants that cure by polymerizing, crosslinking, or a combination of both and are designed to be applied as thin coatings in the absence of water or solvent and to be cured by exposing to ultraviolet radiation. There is currently no direct method for measuring the volatiles from the individual materials used or thin coatings made from them.5.3 This test method also provides a means to measure the volatiles from acrylate monomers, oligomers, and blends cured using ultraviolet radiation from which an estimate for the volatiles from a thin coating cured using ultraviolet radiation comprising these acrylate monomers, oligomers, and blends can be calculated. A common exposure step involving a specified amount of ultraviolet radiation in a specific spectral range using a common photoinitiator is called for.5.4 This test method further provides a means to measure the volatiles from thin radiation-curable coatings such as inks in the absence of known interferences such as pigments. A common exposure step involving a specified amount of ultraviolet radiation in a specific spectral range using a common photoinitiator is called for.5.5 If desired, volatile content can be determined as two separate components: processing volatiles and potential volatiles. Processing volatiles are a measure of volatile loss during the actual cure process. Potential (or residual) volatiles are a measure of volatile loss that might occur upon aging or under extreme storage conditions. These volatile content measurements may be useful to the producer of a material, a formulator using such materials, or to environmental interests for determining and reporting emissions.5.6 The validity of this test method for non-acrylated radiation-curable chemistries such as methacrylates, thiol-ene, vinyl ethers, and epoxies cured using ultraviolet radiation has not been verified. Use of an electron beam to cure the acrylate monomers, oligomers, and blends or thin coatings made from them, including inks, has not been verified using this method and cannot be assumed.1.1 This test method describes a means to determine the percentage of processing, potential, and total volatiles from radiation curable acrylate monomers, oligomers, and blends. The results can be used to estimate the volatiles from thin radiation curable coatings that cannot otherwise be measured with the restriction that those coatings are not subjected to a pre-exposure water or solvent drying step. It also provides a means to determine the volatiles of thin radiation curable coatings in the absence of known interferences such as pigments in inks.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method covers the determination of five elements (Ca, Mg, K, Na, and P) in biodiesel and biodiesel blends.5.2 The presence of metals and metalloids in engine fuels can influence the performance of engines and contribute to shortening the lifetime of the equipment. In addition, some elements act as catalyst poison contributing to increases in the amount of unwanted gases and particulate matter emitted by vehicles.1.1 This test method covers the determination of elements in biodiesel and biodiesel blends by microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES). The specific elements within the scope of this method are calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na).1.2 This test method conforms to Practice D6300, subection 8.4.5, valid test result range, and subsection 8.4.6, working range specifications. The valid test result range and working range are recent additions to Practice D6300, and a graphical representation using example values is shown in Appendix X2, Test Method Operating Range.1.3 Method working range:high expected concentration limit = highest ILS sample meanlow expected concentration limit = lowest ILS sample mean if:     lowest ILS sample mean − Rlowest ILS sample mean > 0; otherwise it is     determined by solving for X using the following equation:     X − RX = coarsest resolution, determined by 0.5*σr lowest ILS sample meanBiodiesel and Biodiesel BlendsElement Method Working Range(expected mg/kg)Calcium 0.24 to 15.01Magnesium 0.12 to 11.55Phosphorus 1.69 to 14.24Potassium 0.49 to 13.98Sodium 0.90 to 14.301.4 This test method uses organic elemental standards in organic solvents for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and particles larger than a few micrometers can cause results to appear low.1.5 Elements present at mass fractions above the upper limit of the calibration curves can be determined with additional appropriate dilutions. Elements shall be measured at the wavelengths presented in Table 1. Alternate wavelengths noted in Appendix X1 may be used in the rare case of spectral interference.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The laboratory preparation of liquid blends of known composition is required to provide analytical standards for the calibration of chromatographic and other types of analytical instrumentation.1.1 This practice covers a laboratory procedure for the preparation of small volumes of multicomponent liquid blends for use as analytical standards.1.2 This practice is applicable to components that are normally liquids at ambient temperature and pressure, or solids that will form a solution when blended with liquids. Butanes can be included if precaution is used in blending them.1.3 This practice is limited to those components that fulfill the following conditions:1.3.1 They are completely soluble in the final blend.1.3.2 They are not reactive with other blend components or with blend containers.1.3.3 The combined vapor pressure of the blended components is such that there is no selective evaporation of any of the components.1.3.3.1 The butane content of the blend is not to exceed 10 %. (Warning—Extremely flammable liquefied gas under pressure. Vapor reduces oxygen available for breathing.) Components with a vapor pressure higher than butanes are not to be blended.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the ability of gasoline-alcohol blends to retain water in solution or in a stable suspension at the lowest temperature to which they are likely to be stored or exposed in use.1.2 This test method is intended to measure the temperature at which a gasoline-alcohol blend separates into two distinct phases in accordance with the criteria defined in this test method. Samples that form a haze are considered not to have phase separated.1.3 This test method is applicable to gasoline-alcohol blends for use as fuels in spark-ignition engines that contain saturated C1 to C4 alcohols only. The test method does not apply to fuels that contain an alcohol as the primary component, such as M85 or Ed85, or to gasoline-ether blends.1.4 The values stated in SI units are the standard, except when other units are specified by federal regulation. Values given in parentheses are provided for informational purposes.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The hydrogen ion activity, as measured by pHe, is a good predictor of the corrosion potential of ethanol fuels. It is preferable to total acidity because total acidity does not measure activity of the hydrogen ions; overestimates the contribution of weak acids, such as carbonic acid; and can underestimate the corrosion potential of low concentrations of strong acids, such as sulfuric acid.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine a measure of the hydrogen ion activity of high ethanol content fuels. These include denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends. The test method is applicable to denatured fuel ethanol and ethanol fuel blends containing ethanol at 51 % by volume, or more.1.2 Hydrogen ion activity as measured in this test method is defined as pHe. A pHe value for alcohol solutions is not comparable to pH values of water solutions.1.2.1 The value of pHe measured will depend somewhat on the fuel blend, the stirring rate, and the time the electrode is in the fuel.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3.1 Hydrogen ion activity in water is expressed as pH and hydrogen ion activity in ethanol is expressed as pHe.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice applies to the blending of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels with ethanol concentrations greater than those suitable for conventional-fuel vehicles and less than the minimum ethanol content specification limits of Specification D5798. These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are for use in flexible-fuel vehicles and are sometimes referred to at retail as “Ethanol Flex Fuel.”1.2 These mid-level ethanol fuel blends are only suitable for use in ground flexible-fuel vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines. Flexible-fuel vehicles are designed to operate on gasoline or gasoline-ethanol blends that meet the requirements of Specification D4814, ethanol fuel blends that meet the requirements of Specification D5798, or any combination of these. In the United States, these vehicles are certified by the U.S. EPA as emissions compliant with these types of fuels.1.3 The mid-level ethanol fuel blend shall be blended from either:1.3.1 Denatured fuel ethanol conforming to the requirements of Specification D4806 with a reduced limit on inorganic chloride content that will ensure no more than 1 mg/kg inorganic chloride in the finished fuel and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a distribution terminal or bulk plant), or1.3.2 Ethanol fuel blends conforming to Specification D5798 and from spark-ignition engine fuel conforming to Specification D4814 (often at a retail site).1.4 This practice describes the required procedures for blending various mid-level ethanol fuel blends for flexible-fuel vehicles at the bulk distribution point or retail/commercial delivery site. These requirements may be applied at other points in the production and distribution system when provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The laboratory preparation of gas blends of known composition is required to provide primary standards for the calibration of chromatographic and other types of analytical instrumentation.1.1 This practice covers a laboratory procedure for the preparation of low-pressure multicomponent gas blends. The technique is applicable to the blending of components at percent levels and can be extended to lower concentrations by performing dilutions of a previously prepared base blend. The maximum blend pressure obtainable is dependent upon the range of the manometer used, but ordinarily is about 101 kPa (760 mm Hg). Components must not be condensable at the maximum blend pressure.1.2 The possible presence of small leaks in the manifold blending system will preclude applicability of the method to blends containing part per million concentrations of oxygen or nitrogen.1.3 This practice is restricted to those compounds that do not react with each other, the manifold, or the blend cylinder.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method measures acidity in ethanol or ethanol blends quantitatively. Denatured fuel ethanol may contain additives such as corrosion inhibitors and detergents as well as contaminants from manufacturing that can affect the acidity of finished ethanol fuel. Very dilute aqueous solutions of low molecular mass organic acids, such as acetic acid, are highly corrosive to many metals. It is important to keep such acids at a very low level.5.2 Acceptable levels of acidity in ethanol or ethanol blends can vary with different specifications but in general it is below 200 mg/kg (ppm). Knowledge of the acidity can be required to establish whether the product quality meets specification.1.1 This test method covers the determination of acidity as acetic acid (see Specification D4806) in commonly available grades of denatured ethanol, and ethanol blends with gasoline ranging from E95 to E30. This test method is used for determining low levels of acidity, below 200 mg/kg (ppm mass), with the exclusion of carbon dioxide.1.1.1 Procedure A—Developed specifically for measurement of acidity by potentiometric titration. This is the referee method.1.1.2 Procedure B—Developed specifically for measurement of acidity by color end point titration.1.2 The ethanol and ethanol blends may be analyzed directly by this test method without any sample preparation.1.3 Review the current and appropriate Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, and safety precautions and proper personal protective equipments.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 7 on Hazards.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A standard procedure for blend preparation is essential to ensure material quality, specification compliance, and procedural uniformity.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for preparation of hot recycled bituminous blends for testing in the laboratory. The procedure involves an iterative trial blend process followed by the preparation of batch blends.1.2 The batch blends can be used for extensive evaluation such as viscosity, penetration, ductility, aging properties (such as Rolling Thin Film Oven or Thin-Film Oven tests, or both (RTFO/TFO)), composition analysis, solubility analysis, and other user-selected tests.1.3 This practice assumes that a representative reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) sample is extracted and the aged binder recovered using Test Methods D2172/D2172M and Test Method D1856 (this practice may be modified by using a rotary evaporator which is extensively evaluated in the minutes of the 18th Pacific Coast Conference on Asphalt Specifications2) or any other acceptable test method.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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