5.1 To overcome the inadequacies of conventional spectrophotometric measurement techniques when nonhomogeneous materials are measured, a large integrating sphere may be used.4,5 Since the beam employed in such spheres is large in comparison to the disparaties of the materials being tested, the nonisotropic nature of the specimen being measured is essentially averaged, or integrated out of the measurement, in a single experimental determination.5.2 Solar and photopic optical properties may be measured either with monofunctional spheres individually tailored for the measurement of either transmittance5 or reflectance, or may be measured with a single multifunctional sphere that is employed to measure both transmittance and reflectance.45.3 A multifunctional sphere is used for making total solar transmittance measurements in both a directional-hemispherical and a directional-directional mode. The solar absorptance can be evaluated in a single measurement as one minus the sum of the directional hemispherical reflectance and transmittance. When a sample at the center of the sphere is supported by its rim, the sum of the reflectance and transmittance can be measured as a function of the angle of incidence. The solar absorptance is then one minus the measured absorptance plus transmittance.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the absolute total solar or photopic reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance of materials and surfaces. Although there are several applicable test methods employed for determining the optical properties of materials, they are generally useful only for flat, homogeneous, isotropic specimens. Materials that are patterned, textured, corrugated, or are of unusual size cannot be measured accurately using conventional spectrophotometric techniques, or require numerous measurements to obtain a relevant optical value. The purpose of this test method is to provide a means for making accurate optical property measurements of spatially nonuniform materials.1.2 This test method is applicable to large specimens of materials having both specular and diffuse optical properties. It is particularly suited to the measurement of the reflectance of opaque materials and the reflectance and transmittance of semitransparent materials including corrugated fiber-reinforced plastic, composite transparent and translucent samples, heavily textured surfaces, and nonhomogeneous materials such as woven wood, window blinds, draperies, etc.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For specific safety hazards, see Note 1.)1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method determines the effectiveness of UVGI devices for reducing viable microorganisms deposited on carriers.5.2 This test method evaluates the effect soiling agents have on UVGI antimicrobial effectiveness.5.3 This test method determines the delivered UVGI dose.1.1 This test method defines test conditions to evaluate ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) light devices (mercury vapor bulbs, light-emitting diodes, or xenon arc lamps) that are designed to kill/inactivate influenza virus deposited on inanimate carriers.1.2 This test method defines the terminology and methodology associated with the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and evaluating UVGI dose.1.3 This test method defines the testing considerations that can reduce UVGI surface kill effectiveness (that is, soiling).1.4 Protocols for adjusting the UVGI dose to impact the reductions in levels of viable influenza virus are provided (Annex A1).1.5 This test method does not address shadowing.1.6 The test method should only be used by those trained in microbiology and in accordance with the guidance provided by Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.21.7 This test method is specific to influenza viruses1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The degree of deacetylation of chitosan, as well at the molar mass and molar mass distribution, determines the functionality of chitosan in an application. For instance, functional and biological effects are highly dependent upon the composition and molar mass of the polymer.4.2 This test method describes procedures for measurement of molar mass of chitosan chlorides and glutamates, and chitosan base, although it in principle applies to any chitosan salt. The measured molar mass is that for chitosan acetate, since the mobile phase contains acetate as counter ion. This value can further be converted into the corresponding molar mass for the chitosan as a base, or the parent salt form (chloride or glutamate).4.3 Light scattering is one of very few methods available for the determination of absolute molar mass and structure, and it is applicable over the broadest range of molar masses of any method. Combining light scattering detection with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which sorts molecules according to size, gives the ability to analyze polydisperse samples, as well as obtaining information on branching and molecular conformation. This means that both the number-average and mass-average values for molar mass and size may be obtained for most samples. Furthermore, one has the ability to calculate the distributions of the molar masses and sizes.4.4 Multi-angle laser light scattering (MALS) is a technique where measurements of scattered light are made simultaneously over a range of different angles. MALS detection can be used to obtain information on molecular size, since this parameter is determined by the angular variation of the scattered light. Molar mass may in principle be determined by detecting scattered light at a single low angle (LALLS). However, advantages with MALS as compared to LALLS are: (1) less noise at larger angles, (2) precision of measurements is improved by detecting at several angles, and (3) the ability to detect angular variation allows determination of size, branching, aggregation, and molecular conformation.4.5 Size exclusion chromatography uses columns, which are typically packed with polymer particles containing a network of uniform pores into which solute and solvent molecules can diffuse. While in the pores, molecules are effectively trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase. The average residence time in the pores depends upon the size of the solute molecules. Molecules that are larger than the average pore size of the packing are excluded and experience virtually no retention; these are eluted first, in the void volume of the column. Molecules, which may penetrate the pores will have a larger volume available for diffusion, they will be retained in the column for a time dependent upon their molecular size, with smaller molecules eluting after larger molecules.4.6 For polyelectrolytes, dialysis against the elution buffer has been suggested, in order to eliminate Donnan-type artifacts in the molar mass determination by light scattering (1, 2).5 However, in the present method, the size exclusion chromatography step preceding the light scatter detection is an efficient substitute for a dialysis step. The sample is separated on SEC columns with large excess of elution buffer for 30 to 40 min, and it is therefore in full equilibrium with the elution buffer when it reaches the MALS detector.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the molar mass of chitosan and chitosan salts intended for use in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications as well as in tissue engineered medical products (TEMPs) by size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering detection (SEC-MALS). A guide for the characterization of chitosan salts has been published as Guide F2103.1.2 Chitosan and chitosan salts used in TEMPs should be well characterized, including the molar mass and polydispersity (molar mass distribution) in order to ensure uniformity and correct functionality in the final product. This test method will assist end users in choosing the correct chitosan for their particular application. Chitosan may have utility as a scaffold or matrix material for TEMPs, in cell and tissue encapsulation applications, and in drug delivery formulations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Dielectric measurement and testing provide a method for determining the permittivity and loss factors as a function of temperature, frequency, time, or a combination of these variables. Plots of the dielectric properties against these variables yield important information and characteristics about the specimen under test.This procedure can be used to do the following:5.2.1 Locate transition temperatures of polymers and other organic materials, that is, changes in molecular motion (or atomic motion in the case of ions) of the material. In temperature regions where significant changes occur, permittivity increases with increasing temperature (at a given frequency) or with decreasing frequency (at constant temperature). A maximum is observed for the loss factor in cases where dipole motions dominate over ionic movement.35.2.2 Track the reaction in polymerization and curing reactions. This may be done under either isothermal or nonisothermal conditions. Increasing molecular weight or degree of crosslinking normally leads to decreases in conductivity.45.2.3 Determine diffusion coefficients of polar gases or liquids into polymer films on dielectric sensors. The observed change in permittivity typically is linear with diffusant concentration, as long as the total concentration is relatively low.5This procedure can be used, for example, to evaluate by comparison to known reference materials:5.3.1 The mix ratio of two different organic materials. This may be determined either through use of permittivity or loss factor values. In early studies, permittivity has been found to be linear with concentration.65.3.2 The degree of phase separation in multicomponent systems.5.3.3 The filler type, amount, pretreatment, and dispersion.This test method can be used for observing annealing and the submelting point crystallization process.This test method can be used for quality control, specification acceptance, and process control.1.1 This test method describes the gathering and reporting of dynamic dielectric data. It incorporates laboratory test method for determining dynamic dielectric properties of specimens subjected to an oscillatory electric field using a variety of dielectric sensor/cell configurations on a variety of instruments called dielectric, microdielectric, DETA (DiElectric Thermal Analysis), or DEA (DiElectric Analysis) analyzers.1.2 This test method determines permittivity, loss factor, ionic conductivity (or resistivity), dipole relaxation times, and transition temperatures, and is intended for materials that have a relative permittivity in the range of 1 to 105; loss factors in the range of 0 to 108; and, conductivities in the range 10 16to 1010S/cm.1.3 The test method is primarily useful when conducted over a range of temperatures for nonreactive systems (160C to degradation) and over time (and temperature) for reactive systems and is valid for frequencies ranging from 1 mHz to 100 kHz.1.4 Apparent discrepancies may arise in results obtained under differing experimental conditions. Without changing the observed data, completely reporting the conditions (as described in this test method) under which the data were obtained, in full, will enable apparent differences observed in another study to be reconciled.1.5 SI units are the standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.

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5.1 The glass petri plate provides a closed system for enumeration and easy application of a pre-saturated or impregnated antimicrobial towelette by an analyst.5.2 Inoculation of carriers (five 10 µL spots of microbial suspension) is conducted using a template and a positive displacement pipette, thereby ensuring a precise inoculum level and uniform distribution of inoculum.5.3 A single towelette is tested per carrier, thereby ensuring comparable treatment among carriers and eliminating the likelihood of cross-contamination between carriers.5.4 The circular motion of the product application (wipe outside to inside, lift towelette to invert and wipe inside to outside) is a relevant motion that ensures uniform coverage and contact of disinfectant with the inoculated surface.5.5 The addition of neutralizer to the treated plates ensures thorough neutralization at the end of the product’s contact time. This test method provides a procedure for performing neutralization verification to confirm that the microbicidal and/or microbistatic activity of a test substance has been brought to an undetectable level at the end of the contact time.5.6 The design of the test method minimizes any loss of viable organisms through carrier wash-off.5.7 This test method provides for optional use of an organic soil load as dictated by a product’s label claim.5.8 It is optional to adjust (either dilute or concentrate) the inoculum level to achieve desired control carrier counts and to accommodate different product performance standards.1.1 This test method provides detailed instructions for performing a quantitative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of a towelette when challenged against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. The method may be used with other microbial strains, though modification may be necessary to accommodate recovery.1.1.1 Antimicrobial towelettes, designed to decontaminate hard, non-porous surfaces, are diverse in size, matrix composition, and packaging.1.1.2 Antimicrobial towelettes also vary in label claims and use directions.1.2 This quantitative method does not differentiate between mechanical removal of inoculum from a surface and chemical inactivation of the test microbe; rather, product efficacy is considered a combination of both attributes of a towelette-based formulation.1.3 It is the responsibility of the investigator to determine whether Good Laboratory Practices (GLP Standards—40 CFR, Part 160 of FIFRA) are required and to follow them when appropriate.1.4 This standard may involve the use of hazardous materials, chemicals and infectious microorganisms and should be performed only by persons with formal training in microbiology.1.5 Strict adherence to the protocol is necessary for the validity of the test results.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not address specific product performance standards established by regulatory authorities; see Section 10, Note 2 for details.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 These test methods cover four macroscopic and five microscopic test methods (manual and image analysis) for describing the inclusion content of steel and procedures for expressing test results.4.2 Inclusions are characterized by size, shape, concentration, and distribution rather than chemical composition. Although compositions are not identified, Microscopic methods place inclusions into one of several composition-related categories (sulfides, oxides, and silicates—the last as a type of oxide). Paragraph 11.1.1 describes a metallographic technique to facilitate inclusion discrimination. Only those inclusions present at the test surface can be detected.4.3 The macroscopic test methods evaluate larger surface areas than microscopic test methods and because examination is visual or at low magnifications, these methods are best suited for detecting larger inclusions. Macroscopic methods are not suitable for detecting inclusions smaller than about 0.40 mm (1/64 in.) in length and the methods do not discriminate inclusions by type.4.4 The microscopic test methods are employed to characterize inclusions that form as a result of deoxidation or due to limited solubility in solid steel (indigenous inclusions). As stated in 1.1, these microscopic test methods rate inclusion severities and types based on morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. These inclusions are characterized by morphological type, that is, by size, shape, concentration, and distribution, but not specifically by composition. The microscopic methods are not intended for assessing the content of exogenous inclusions (those from entrapped slag or refractories). In case of a dispute whether an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous, microanalytical techniques such as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) may be used to aid in determining the nature of the inclusion. However, experience and knowledge of the casting process and production materials, such as deoxidation, desulfurization, and inclusion shape control additives as well as refractory and furnace liner compositions must be employed with the microanalytical results to determine if an inclusion is indigenous or exogenous4.5 Because the inclusion population within a given lot of steel varies with position, the lot must be statistically sampled in order to assess its inclusion content. The degree of sampling must be adequate for the lot size and its specific characteristics. Materials with very low inclusion contents may be more accurately rated by automatic image analysis, which permits more precise microscopic ratings.4.6 Results of macroscopic and microscopic test methods may be used to qualify material for shipment, but these test methods do not provide guidelines for acceptance or rejection purposes. Qualification criteria for assessing the data developed by these methods can be found in ASTM product standards or may be described by purchaser-producer agreements. By agreements between producer and purchaser, these test methods may be modified to count only certain inclusion types and thicknesses, or only those inclusions above a certain severity level, or both. Also, by agreement, qualitative practices may be used where only the highest severity ratings for each inclusion type and thickness are defined or the number of fields containing these highest severity ratings are tabulated.4.7 These test methods are intended for use on wrought metallic structures. While a minimum level of deformation is not specified, the test methods are not suitable for use on cast structures or on lightly worked structures.4.8 Guidelines are provided to rate inclusions in steels treated with rare earth additions or calcium-bearing compounds. When such steels are evaluated, the test report should describe the nature of the inclusions rated according to each inclusion category (A, B, C, D).4.9 In addition to the Test Methods E45 JK ratings, basic (such as used in Practice E1245) stereological measurements (for example, the volume fraction of sulfides and oxides, the number of sulfides or oxides per square millimeter, the spacing between inclusions, and so forth) may be separately determined and added to the test report, if desired for additional information. This practice, however, does not address the measurement of such parameters.1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.1.2 These test methods cover procedures to perform JK-type inclusion ratings using automatic image analysis in accordance with microscopic methods A and D.1.3 Depending on the type of steel and the properties required, either a macroscopic or a microscopic method for determining the inclusion content, or combinations of the two methods, may be found most satisfactory.1.4 These test methods deal only with recommended test methods and nothing in them should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability for any grade of steel.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The composition and sequential structure of alginate, as well as the molar mass and molar mass distribution, determines the functionality of alginate in an application. For instance, the gelling properties of an alginate are highly dependent upon the composition and molar mass of the polymer.4.2 Light scattering is one of very few methods available for the determination of absolute molar mass and structure, and it is applicable over the broadest range of molar masses of any method. Combining light scattering detection with size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which sorts molecules according to size, gives the ability to analyze polydisperse samples, as well as to obtain information on branching and molecular conformation. This means that both the number-average and mass-average values for molar mass and size may be obtained for most samples. Furthermore, one has the ability to calculate the distributions of the molar masses and sizes.4.3 Multi-angle laser light scattering (MALS) is a technique where measurements are made simultaneously over a range of different angles and used to determine the scattering at 0°, which directly relates to molecular weight. MALS detection can be used to obtain information on molecular size, since this parameter is determined by the angular variation of the scattered light. This can be related to branching, aggregation, and molecular conformation. Molar mass can also be determined by detecting scattered light at a single low angle (LALS) and assuming that this is not significantly different from the scattering at 0°.4.4 Size exclusion chromatography uses columns, which are typically packed with polymer particles containing a network of uniform pores into which solute and solvent molecules can diffuse. While in the pores, molecules are effectively trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase. The average residence time in the pores depends upon the size of the solute molecules. Molecules that are larger than the average pore size of the packing are excluded and experience virtually no retention; these are eluted first, in the void volume of the column. Molecules which penetrate the pores will have a larger volume available for diffusion; their retention will depend on their molecular size, with the smaller molecules eluting last.4.5 For polyelectrolytes, dialysis against the elution buffer has been suggested, in order to eliminate Donnan-type artifacts in the molar mass determination by light scattering (1, 2).6 However, in the present method, the size exclusion chromatography step preceding the light scatter detection is an efficient substitute for a dialysis step. The sample is separated on SEC columns with large excess of elution buffer for 30 to 40 min, and it is therefore in full equilibrium with the elution buffer when it reaches the MALS detector.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the molar mass (typically expressed as grams/mole) of sodium alginate intended for use in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications as well as in tissue-engineered medical products (TEMPs) by size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle laser light scattering detection (SEC-MALS). A guide for the characterization of alginate has been published as Guide F2064.1.2 Alginate used in TEMPs should be well characterized, including the molar mass and polydispersity (molar mass distribution) in order to ensure uniformity and correct functionality in the final product. This test method will assist end users in choosing the correct alginate for their particular application. Alginate may have utility as a scaffold or matrix material for TEMPs, in cell and tissue encapsulation applications, and in drug delivery formulations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method is intended either as an index test or as a performance test used to determine and compare the flow rate per unit width of one or several candidate geosynthetics under specific conditions.5.2 This test method may be used as an index test for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geosynthetics, but caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision of this test method is incomplete. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 may be advisable.5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should first confirm that the tests were conducted using comparable test parameters including specimen conditioning, normal stress, seating period, hydraulic gradient, test water temperature, etc., then conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogenous as possible and that are formed from a lot of the material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the flow rate per unit width within the manufactured plane of geosynthetics under varying normal compressive stresses and a constant head. The test is intended primarily as an index test but can be used also as a performance test when the hydraulic gradients and specimen contact surfaces are selected by the user to model anticipated field conditions.1.2 This test method is limited to geosynthetics that allow continuous in-plane flow paths to occur parallel to the intended direction of flow.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method differentiates the relative corrosion-preventive capabilities of lubricating greases under the conditions of the test.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosion preventive properties of greases using grease-lubricated tapered roller bearings stored under wet conditions. This test method is based on CRC Technique L 412 that shows correlations between laboratory results and service for grease lubricated aircraft wheel bearings.1.2 Apparatus Dimensions—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 All Other Values—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods provide a means of determining the compatibility of a resin (or vehicle), at low concentrations, in a high boiling ink solvent.5.2 Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit a high precipitation temperature are less compatible than those exhibiting a low precipitation temperature.5.3 Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit precipitation temperatures at or close to the cloud point of the pure solvent are considered infinitely compatible or the resin is infinitely soluble in that solvent.1.1 These test methods cover the manual and automatic procedures for testing the compatibility of lithographic ink resins in high boiling ink solvents by precipitation temperature (cloud point) in a range from 35 to 210°C.1.2 The manual procedure in this test method uses laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory. The automated procedure uses a programmable cloud point tester.1.3 This test method is for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerol esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified-rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.1.4 A resin solution or ink vehicle could also be used in this test instead of the resin.1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used are C12 to C16 petroleum distillates.1.6 To avoid fire or injury, this test method should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C as determined by Test Method D56.NOTE 1: Users of this test method should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D56 and D1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Safety precautions should be taken since there is the potential for vapor ignition. The method outlined should be done in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 When more than one elastomer seal material is tested, the test methods yield comparative data on which to base judgements as to expected service quality. Suggested in-service property change limits are provided. Property changes beyond these limits will indicate limited service life of the elastomer seal.4.2 These test methods attempt to simulate service conditions through controlled aging and evaluation of property changes but may not give any direct correlations with actual part performance since actual service conditions vary widely. These test methods yield comparative data and indications of property changes of the elastomeric seal material under ideal service conditions. These test methods can be used for quality control purposes, for engineering assessments, for service evaluation, and for manufacturing control. The information from these test methods can be used to anticipate expected service quality.1.1 These test methods cover the procedure for measuring physical properties of elastomer seals in the form of O-rings after exposure to industrial hydraulic fluids and thermal aging. The measured properties are then compared to the physical properties of elastomer seals that have not been exposed to the industrial hydraulic fluids and thermal aging. The changes in these properties form a basis for assessing compatibility when these changes are compared against the suggested limits in Table 1.1.2 While these test methods involve the use of O-rings, they can also be used to evaluate the compatibility of the elastomeric compounds of specialty seals with industrial hydraulic fluids and their resistance to thermal aging. The compounds can be molded into O-rings for evaluation purposes.1.3 These test methods provide procedures for exposing O-ring test specimens to industrial hydraulic fluids under definite conditions of temperature and time. The resulting deterioration of the O-ring material is determined by comparing the changes in work function, hardness, physical properties, compression set, and seal volume after immersion in the test fluid to the pre-immersion values.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 In some situations, penetration through asphalt-based roofing or waterproofing materials by fasteners is a required part of the material installation process or occurs during installation of other system components. When fasteners penetrate the material as a purposeful and planned part of the construction process, it is reasonable to expect that materials designed to limit migration of liquid water at the interface between the penetrating fastener and the material will do so. This qualitative test method provides a means to evaluate the ability of a material to limit water migration at fastener penetrations when tested under defined conditions.1.1 This qualitative test method determines the capability of asphalt-based roofing or waterproofing material to seal around a fastener that penetrates the material and prevent transmission of liquid water through the material at the penetration under defined conditions.1.2 This test method is provided for adoption by ASTM or other consensus-based roofing and waterproofing product specifications as a standardized means to evaluate capability to seal around a fastener. Performance of this test method after subjecting the product to conditioning intended to simulate environmental stresses and strains is not prohibited.1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended to be used for determining the consistency and density of stiff to extremely dry concrete mixtures common in roller-compacted concrete construction.5.1.1 Because of the stiff to extremely dry consistency of some roller-compacted concrete mixtures, the standard Vebe test method of rodding the specimen in a slump cone is substituted by Procedures A and B.85.2 Procedure A uses a 22.7 kg [50 lb] surcharge and is used for concrete consolidated by roller-compaction methods when the consistency of the concrete is very stiff to extremely dry.5.3 Procedure B uses a 12.5 kg [27.5 lb] surcharge and is used for concrete consolidated by roller-compaction methods when the consistency of the concrete is stiff to very stiff consistency, but not extremely dry.1.1 This test method is used to determine the consistency of concrete using a vibrating table and a surcharge and to determine the density of the consolidated concrete specimen. This test method is applicable to freshly mixed concrete, prepared in both the laboratory and the field, having a nominal maximum size aggregate of 50 mm [2 in.] or less. If the nominal maximum size of aggregate is larger than 50 mm [2 in.], the test method is applicable only when performed on the fraction passing the 50-mm [2-in.] sieve with the larger aggregate being removed in accordance with Practice C172.1.2 This test method, intended for use in testing roller-compacted concrete, may be applicable to testing other types of concrete such as cement-treated aggregate and mixtures similar to soil-cement.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Transmutation Processes—The effect on materials of bombardment by neutrons depends on the energy of the neutrons; therefore, it is important that the energy distribution of the neutron fluence, as well as the total fluence, be determined.1.1 This practice describes procedures for the determination of neutron fluence rate, fluence, and energy spectra from the radioactivity that is induced in a detector specimen.1.2 The practice is directed toward the determination of these quantities in connection with radiation effects on materials.1.3 For application of these techniques to reactor vessel surveillance, see also Test Methods E1005.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: Detailed methods for individual detectors are given in the following ASTM test methods: E262, E263, E264, E265, E266, E343, E393, E481, E523, E526, E704, E705, and E854.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 In this test method, the amount of particulate generated into the air by operating a vacuum cleaner over a specific floor covering that is contaminated with dust will be determined. Particles from the motor, floor covering, and the test dust will all be measured. The amount of dust generated in the laboratory practice will differ from that in residential/commercial installations because of variations in floor coverings, soil and other solid particulate compositions, the vacuuming process used by individual operators, the air exchange rate of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and other factors.4.2 To provide a uniform basis for measuring the performance in 4.1, a standardized test chamber, equipment, floor covering material, and dust particulate are used in this test method.4.3 Due to the large range of generated particle counts observed among products in the vacuum cleaner industry at the present time, the test results of the maximum particle counts generated under this test method are expressed in Log10 equivalents for evaluation and comparison of product performance.1.1 This test method provides a laboratory test for the measurement of particulate generated as a direct result of the vacuuming process.1.2 This test method is applicable to all residential/commercial uprights, canisters, stickvacs, central vacuum systems, and combination cleaners.1.3 This test method applies to test dust removal from floor coverings not the removal of surface litter and debris.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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