5.1 It is normal for some of the combustion products of an internal combustion engine to penetrate into the engine lubricant and be retained in it.5.2 When an engine is run for a period of time and then stored over a long period of time, the by-products of combustion might be retained in the oil in a liquefied state.5.3 Under these circumstances, precipitates can form that impair the filterability of the oil the next time the engine is run.5.4 This test method subjects the test oil and the new oil to the same treatments such that the loss of filterability can be determined. The four water treatment levels may be tested individually, all four simultaneously, or any combination of multiple water treatment levels.5.5 Reference oils, on which the data obtained by this test method is known, are available.5.6 This test method requires that a reference oil also be tested and results reported. Two oils are available, one known to give a low and one known to give a high data value for this test method.NOTE 1: When the new oil test results are to be offered as candidate oil test results for a specification, such as Specification D4485, the specification will state maximum allowable loss of filterability (flow reduction) of the test oil as compared to the new oil.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of an oil to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter. It simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is normal for some of the combustion products of an internal combustion engine to penetrate into the engine lubricant and be retained in it.5.2 When an engine is run for a period of time and then stored over a long period of time, the by-products of combustion might be retained in the oil in a liquefied state.5.3 Under these circumstances, precipitates can form that impair the filterability of the oil the next time the engine is run.5.4 This test method subjects the test oil and the new oil to the same treatments such that the loss of filterability can be determined.5.5 Reference oils, on which the data obtained by this test method is known, are available.5.6 This test method requires that a reference oil also be tested and results reported. Two oils are available, one known to give a low and one known to give a high data value for this test method.NOTE 1: When the new oil test results are to be offered as candidate oil test results for a specification, such as Specification D4485, the specification will state maximum allowable loss of filterability (flow reduction) of the test oil as compared to the new oil.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of an oil to form a precipitate that can plug an oil filter. It simulates a problem that may be encountered in a new engine run for a short period of time, followed by a long period of storage with some water in the oil.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Certain rubber articles, for example, seals, gaskets, hoses, diaphragms, and sleeves, may be exposed to oils, greases, fuels, and other fluids during service. The exposure may be continuous or intermittent and may occur over wide temperature ranges.4.2 Properties of rubber articles deteriorate during exposure to these liquids, affecting the performance of the rubber part, which can result in partial failure.4.3 This test method attempts to simulate service conditions through controlled accelerated testing, but may not give any direct correlation with actual part performance, since service conditions vary too widely. It yields comparative data on which to base judgment as to expected service quality.4.4 This test method is suitable for specification compliance testing, quality control, referee purposes, and research and development work.1.1 This test method covers the required procedures to evaluate the comparative ability of rubber and rubber-like compositions to withstand the effect of liquids. It is designed for testing: (1) specimens of vulcanized rubber cut from standard sheets (see Practice D3182), (2) specimens cut from fabric coated with vulcanized rubber (see Test Methods D751), or (3) finished articles of commerce (see Practice D3183). This test method is not applicable to the testing of cellular rubbers, porous compositions, and compressed sheet packing, except as described in 12.2.2.1.2 Periodically, it is necessary to produce a new lot of an IRM oil to replace the dwindling supply of the current product. The Chairman of the subcommittee shall have the authority to approve the production of a replacement lot. Once produced, the technical data of the new lot shall be presented, in a comparative fashion, to that of the existing lot and balloted upon by the membership of the D11.15 subcommittee and, either subsequently or concurrently, balloted upon by the membership of the D11 main committee for approval to release the new lot for distribution.1.3 In the event that an IRM oil becomes unavailable for distribution due to depletion, the Chairman of the subcommittee shall have the authority to approve production of a new lot and, after a meeting of the task group, regularly scheduled, or not, to release a quantity of the product for distribution sufficient enough only to address a backlog. Once the backlog is addressed, the process described in 1.2 shall be followed.1.4 ASTM Oils No. 2 and No. 3, formerly used in this test method as standard test liquids, are no longer commercially available and in 1993 were replaced with IRM 902 and IRM 903, respectively (see Appendix X1 for details).1.5 ASTM No. 1 Oil, previously used in this test method as a standard test liquid, is no longer commercially available and in 2005 was replaced with IRM 901; refer to Table 1 and Appendix X3 for details.1.6 ASTM No. 5 Oil was accepted into Specification D5900 as an industry reference material in 2010 and designated as IRM 905. The composition, and properties of this immersion oil were not changed and the data in Table 1 remains current. Refer to Appendix X4 for other details.1.7 The specifications and properties listed in Table 1 for IRM 901, IRM 902, IRM 903, and IRM 905 are also maintained in Specification D5900.1.7.1 The subcommittee responsible for maintaining Test Method D471, presently D11.15, shall review the data in Specification D5900 to ensure that it is identical to that which appears in Test Method D471. This shall be accomplished at the time of the 5 year review or more frequently when necessary.1.8 Historical, technical, and background information regarding the conversion from ASTM No. 1, ASTM No. 2, and ASTM No. 3 Oils to IRM 901, IRM 902, and IRM 903 immersion oils is maintained in Practice D5964.1.8.1 The subcommittee responsible for maintaining Test Method D471, presently D11.15, shall review the data in Practice D5964 to ensure that it is identical to that which appears in Test Method D471. This shall be accomplished at the time of the 5 year review or more frequently when necessary.1.9 This test method includes the following:Change in Mass (after immersion) Section 11Change in Volume (after immersion) Section 12Dimensional-Change Method for Water-Insoluble Liq- uids and Mixed Liquids  Section 13Change in Mass with Liquid on One Surface Only Section 14Determining Mass of Soluble Matter Extracted by the  Liquid  Section 15Change in Tensile Strength, Elongation and Hardness (after immersion)  Section 16Change in Breaking Resistance, Burst Strength, Tear  Strength and Adhesion for Coated Fabrics  Section 17Calculation (of test results) Section 181.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method identifies the changes in hydraulic conductivity as a result of freeze-thaw on natural soils only.4.2 It is the user's responsibility when using this test method to determine the appropriate water content of the laboratory-compacted specimens (that is, dry, wet, or at optimum water content) (Note 2).NOTE 2: It is common practice to construct clay liners and covers at optimum or greater than optimum water content. Specimens compacted dry of optimum water content typically do not contain larger pore sizes as a result of freeze-thaw because the effects of freeze-thaw are minimized by the lack of water in the sample. Therefore, the effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity is minimal, or the hydraulic conductivity may increase slightly.34.3 The requestor must provide information regarding the effective stresses to be applied during testing, especially for determining the final hydraulic conductivity. Using high effective stresses (that is, 35 kPa [5 psi] as allowed by Test Method D5084) can decrease an already increased hydraulic conductivity resulting in lower final hydraulic conductivity values. The long-term effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity of compacted soils is unknown. The increased hydraulic conductivity caused by freeze-thaw may be temporary. For example, the overburden pressure imparted by the waste placed on a soil liner in a landfill after being subjected to freeze-thaw may reduce the size of the cracks and pores that cause the increase in hydraulic conductivity. It is not known if the pressure would overcome the macroscopically increased hydraulic conductivity sufficiently to return the soil to its original hydraulic conductivity (prior to freeze-thaw). For cases such as landfill covers, where the overburden pressure is low, the increase in hydraulic conductivity due to freeze-thaw will likely be permanent. Thus, the requestor must take the application of the test method into account when establishing the effective stress.4.4 The specimen(s) shall be frozen to −15°C [5°F] unless the requestor specifically dictates otherwise. It has been documented by Othman, et al3 that the initial (that is, 0 to −15°C [32°F to 5°F]) freezing condition causes the most significant effects in hydraulic conductivity. Freezing rate and ultimate temperature should mimic the field conditions. It has been shown that superfreezing (that is, freezing the specimen at very cold temperatures and very short time periods) produces erroneous results.4.5 The thawed specimen temperature and thaw rate shall mimic field conditions. Thawing specimens in an oven (that is, overheating) will produce erroneous results.4.6 According to Othman, et al3 the effects of freeze-thaw usually occur by Cycle 10, thus it is recommended that at least 10 freeze-thaw cycles shall be performed to ensure that the full effects of freeze-thaw are measured. If the hydraulic conductivity values are still increasing after 10 freeze-thaw cycles, the test method shall be continued (that is, more freeze-thaw cycles shall be performed).NOTE 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the effect of freeze-thaw on the hydraulic conductivity of compacted or intact soil specimens using Test Method D5084 and a flexible wall permeameter to determine hydraulic conductivity. These test methods do not provide steps to perform sampling of, or testing of, in situ soils that have already been subjected to freeze-thaw conditions. Test Method A uses a specimen for each hydraulic conductivity determination that is subjected to freeze/thaw while Test Method B uses one specimen for the entire test method (that is, the same specimen is used for each hydraulic conductivity).1.2 These test methods may be used with intact specimens (block or thin-walled) or laboratory compacted specimens and shall be used for soils that have an initial hydraulic conductivity less than or equal to 1E-5 m/s [3.94 E-4 in./s] (1E-3 cm/s) (Note 1).NOTE 1: The maximum initial hydraulic conductivity is given as 1 E-5 m/s [3.94 E-4 in./s]. This should also apply to the final hydraulic conductivity. It is expected that if the initial hydraulic conductivity is 1 E-5 m/s (3.94 E-4 in./s), then the final hydraulic conductivity will not change (increase) significantly (that is, greater than 1 E-5 m/s) (3.94 E-4 in./s).1.3 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be subjected to three-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as 3-d) or one-dimensional freeze-thaw (herein referred to as 1-d). (For a discussion of one-dimensional freezing versus three-dimensional freezing, refer to Zimmie and LaPlante or Othman, et al.2, 3)1.4 Soil specimens tested using this test method can be tested in a closed system (that is, no access to an external supply of water during freezing) or an open system.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of the test methods ro consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units (presented in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Rubber articles, such as seals, gaskets, and membranes, may be exposed in service to chlorine compounds used in potable water as disinfectants. The exposure may be intermittent or continuous and can occur at various temperatures.5.2 Properties of rubber articles can deteriorate as a result of exposure to water containing these chlorine compounds, affecting their performance for the intended use.5.3 This test method attempts to simulate service conditions through controlled accelerated testing, but may not give a direct correlation with part performance under actual service conditions. It yields comparative data on which to base judgement on expected service quality.5.4 This test method is suitable for compliance testing, quality control, and research and development work.1.1 This test method covers procedures for evaluating the ability of rubber and rubber-like materials to withstand the effects of aqueous solutions with available chlorine and chloramine. It is intended to compare the effects of chlorine compounds, present in potable water due to disinfection procedures, on rubber articles.1.2 Test solutions are designed to contain chlorine compounds, including hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hypochlorite ions (OCl), and monochloramine (NH2Cl).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method relates efficiency of operation of domestic heating equipment to clean burning. Reducing combustion air in a burner gives more efficient operation. The extent to which combustion air can be reduced is limited by the onset of unacceptable smoke production. By delineating the relation between smoke density and air supply, this test method (together with net stack temperature data) defines the maximum efficiency for a given installation at any acceptable smoke level.5.2 For certain types of equipment, such as the rotary wall-flame burner, too much excess air will cause smoke as well as too little. For these cases, the point of minimum excess air at the acceptable smoke level indicates the optimum efficiency.5.3 The operating temperatures of the equipment will affect these test results. The relation of excess air to smoke density is thus susceptible to some change at different points in an operating cycle. In practice, an adequate compromise is possible by operating the burner for 15 min before any readings are recorded and then obtaining the test data within a succeeding 25 min period.5.4 Under laboratory conditions, CO2 readings are reproducible to ±0.3 % and smoke readings are reproducible to ±1/2 smoke spot number.1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the performance of distillate fuels from the standpoint of clean, efficient burning. It is intended primarily for use with home heating equipment burning No. 1 or No. 2 fuel oils. It can be used either in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels using a given heating unit or to compare the performance of heating units using a given fuel.NOTE 1: This test method applies only to pressure atomizing and rotary-type burners.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Resistance to various liquids used in the home is an important characteristic of organic finishes. These test methods provide the means by which the relative performance of coating systems may be evaluated. It should be recognized that continuous films are necessary for reliable results.1.1 This test method covers determination of the effect of household chemicals on clear and pigmented organic finishes, resulting in any objectionable alteration in the surface, such as discoloration, change in gloss, blistering, softening, swelling, loss of adhesion, or special phenomena.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method indicates the ability of a refractory product to withstand the stress generated by sudden changes in temperature.3.2 Because the recommended furnace temperature of this cycling test is 1200 °C (2190 °F), this test method may not indicate the ability of a refractory product to withstand cycling at higher or lower temperatures, especially if the existing morphology of the refractory product changes.3.3 This test method is useful for research and development, as well as for comparing refractory products. The precision should be considered when using this test for specification purposes.3.4 Ruggedness tests found the following variables to be rugged:Temperature +5 °CHot spacing 1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)Cold spacing 1/2 to 3/4 in. (12.77 to 19 mm)Center versus end gripping of the barsHot hold time 10 to 15 minCold hold time 10 to 15 minOperator air speed 0 to 2 mi/h (0 to 3.2 km/h)Initially cold or heated samplesLast in, first out (LIFO); or first in, first out (FIFO) removal from the furnaceSawed or original surface as tensile face during MOR testingBar thickness 0.96 to 1.04 in. (24.5 to 26.4 mm)1.1 This test method is used for determining the strength loss or reduction in continuity, or both, of prism-shaped specimens which are cut from refractory brick or shapes and subjected to thermal cycling.1.2 The strength loss is measured by the difference in modulus of rupture (MOR) between uncycled specimens and the specimens subjected to thermal cycling.1.3 The reduction in structural continuity is estimated by the difference in sonic velocity before and after thermal cycling.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is designed to determine the effects of different packaging materials whether of construction or systems (overpack, inert atmosphere, etc.), or both. Different packaging materials may require different packaging systems and thus detectable differences may not be experimentally separable from these influences. The practice then, is limited to those situations where comparative results are meaningful. This practice should be used where experimental materials or alternate storage conditions are evaluated against a known control, for example, a soft drink in cans with experimental liners versus known liners, or potato sticks in plastic bags versus coated paper bags. Accepted industry standard packages, such as glass bottles and metal cans may also be used as controls.4.2 There are many ways in which a packaging material may influence a product during storage. First, the packaging material may contaminate the product with off-flavors/aromas by direct transfer of packaging component compounds to the product, commonly referred to as contribution or migration effect. Second, the packaging material may adsorb components from the product thus reducing flavor/aroma intensity of the product, commonly referred to as sorption or scalping effect. Third, external contaminants may permeate through the package and possibly be transferred into the product and/or compounds in the product may permeate out of the packaging, commonly referred to as permeation effect. (See Fig. 1.)FIG. 1 Packing and Product Interactions Chart1.1 This practice is designed to detect the changes in sensory attributes of foods and beverages stored in various packaging materials or systems, or both. It is not a practice intended to determine shelf-life.1.2 This practice may be used for testing a wide variety of materials in association with many kinds of products. There are many ways in which a packaging material may influence a product during storage. First, the packaging material may contaminate the product with off-flavors by direct transfer of packaging component compounds to the product. Second, the packaging material may adsorb components from the product which may then be further transferred to the atmosphere, thus reducing aroma intensity in the product. Third, external contaminants may permeate the package and possibly be transferred to the product. In addition to flavor influences, packaging materials may allow color or textural changes, or both, and many other measurable sensory effects.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is useful as an indicator of the relative susceptibility of asphalt-coated aggregate to water, but should not be used as a measure of field performance because such correlation has not been established. If loss of adhesion due to water is indicated, testing by other procedures should be conducted to further evaluate the mixture.5.2 This practice should not be used for acceptance/rejection by owner agencies.1.1 This practice covers a rapid procedure for visually observing the loss of adhesion in uncompacted asphalt-coated aggregate mixtures due to the action of boiling water.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is useful for determining the change to the listed properties (see 1.1.1 and 1.1.2) and if the changes are acceptable for the intended use. This test may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of buttons.5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them. As a minimum, test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, that are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results for the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 This test method is a means of determining the effect of drycleaning on certain physical attributes of buttons. The test method applies to buttons made from plastics, natural materials, cast metal, stamped metal, and electroplated plastic.1.1.1 The observed attributes of buttons made from plastic and natural materials include: color change, color transfer, solubility, swelling, and loss of finish.1.1.2 The observed attributes of buttons made of metal and electroplated buttons include: color change, oxidation, and color transfer.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Siliceous alkaline substrates are subject to water damage that may result in deterioration. Water repellents can provide protection of siliceous alkaline substrates exposed to water. This test method is used to evaluate the efficacy of clear water repellents on alkaline substrates.1.1 This test method evaluates the effectiveness of clear water repellents on hydraulic cement mortar specimens based on water absorption after a water soak.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The metal loss from corrosion is directly related to the increase in electrical resistance of the target due to the decrease in conductive cross-sectional area.5.2 The relationship between resistance increase of metallic targets used in this test method and the amount of metal loss as reported by a uniform loss in thickness has not been determined.5.3 This test method is used to determine the corrosive effect of combustion products from burning electrical insulations or coverings or their constituent materials or components. Corrosion is determined by the reduction of thickness of the metal on standardized targets, as measured by electrical resistance. These targets are not necessarily representative of the intended end use.5.4 This test method is intended for use in electrical insulations or coverings material and product evaluations, for additional data to assist in design of electrical insulations or coverings products, or for development and research of electrical insulations or coverings products.5.5 A value of the initial test heat flux is selected to be relevant to the fire scenario being investigated (up to 100 kW/m2). Additional information for testing is given in A1.2.3.1.1 This fire-test-response standard measures the corrosive effect by loss of metal from the combustion products of materials, components, or products.1.2 This test method provides corrosion results of product and material specimens limited to a maximum size of 100 by 100 mm in area and 50 mm thick.1.3 Additional information regarding the targets, the test conditions, and test limitations is provided in Annex A1.1.4 The results of this test method have not been investigated with respect to correlation to actual fires.1.5 An ISO standard exists, as developed by ISO TC 61 (Plastics), subcommittee 4 (on burning behavior), which is technically very similar to this test method and is designated ISO 11907-4.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI10.)1.7 This standard measures and describes the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Surface grinding can cause a significant decrease4 in the flexure strength of advanced ceramic materials. The magnitude of the loss in strength is determined by the grinding conditions and the response of the material. This test method can be used to obtain a detailed characterization of the relationship between grinding conditions and flexure strength for an advanced ceramic material. The effect on flexure strength of varying a single grinding parameter or several grinding parameters can be measured. The method may also be used to compare and rank different materials according to their response to one or more different grinding conditions. Results obtained by this method can be used to develop an optimum grinding process with respect to maximizing material removal rate for a specified flexure strength requirement. The test method can assist in the development of improved grinding-damage-tolerant ceramic materials. It may also be used for quality control purposes to monitor and assure the consistency of a grinding process in the fabrication of parts from advanced ceramic materials. The test method is applicable to grinding methods that generate a planar surface and is not directly applicable to grinding methods that produce non-planar surfaces such as cylindrical and centerless grinding.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect of surface grinding on the flexure strength of advanced ceramics. Surface grinding of an advanced ceramic material can introduce microcracks and other changes in the near surface layer, generally referred to as damage (see Fig. 1 and Ref. (1)).2 Such damage can result in a change—most often a decrease—in flexure strength of the material. The degree of change in flexure strength is determined by both the grinding process and the response characteristics of the specific ceramic material. This method compares the flexure strength of an advanced ceramic material after application of a user-specified surface grinding process with the baseline flexure strength of the same material. The baseline flexure strength is obtained after application of a surface grinding process specified in this standard. The baseline flexure strength is expected to approximate closely the inherent strength of the material. The flexure strength is measured by means of ASTM flexure test methods.FIG. 1 Microcracks Associated with Grinding (Ref. (1))21.2 Flexure test methods used to determine the effect of surface grinding are C1161 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures and C1211 Test Method for Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures.1.3 Materials covered in this standard are those advanced ceramics that meet criteria specified in flexure testing standards C1161 and C1211.1.4 The flexure test methods supporting this standard (C1161 and C1211) require test specimens that have a rectangular cross section, flat surfaces, and that are fabricated with specific dimensions and tolerances. Only grinding processes that are capable of generating the specified flat surfaces, that is, planar grinding modes, are suitable for evaluation by this method. Among the applicable machine types are horizontal and vertical spindle reciprocating surface grinders, horizontal and vertical spindle rotary surface grinders, double disk grinders, and tool-and-cutter grinders. Incremental cross-feed, plunge, and creep-feed grinding methods may be used.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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