4.1 The test method enables strength values for wood and other materials bonded with an adhesive under a range of controlled bonding temperature, time, and pressure conditions to be evaluated. Bond formation and subsequent testing is affected in a coordinated fashion, and this enables transient strength values of sets of similar bond types to be explored with diverse parameters as independent variables. Principal among these variables is the temperature at which bonds are formed and the time that selected temperatures are maintained prior to testing. The use of controlled methods of adhesive application, the rapid attainment of stable bond formation conditions, and the rapid transition to the bond testing mode enables snapshots of bond strength to be attained as bonds progress from limited strength (or initial tack) to maximum strength. Derived data may be used to evaluate and compare the strength development characteristics of diverse types and formulations of adhesive. The method may thus be used to aid in tailoring and matching adhesives to the manufacture of diverse bonded products that involve heating.4.2 The method may also be used to evaluate the co-dependent effect of temperature and time on the degradation of sample bonds. Pressing temperatures up to 265°C (509°F) may be necessary for such investigations of thermal degradation. Specimens are pressed for a range of times and temperatures and very shortly thereafter tested either at elevated temperature or immediately following rapid forced air cooling. Alternatively, thermal damage of pre-formed bond samples may be evaluated by subjecting them to controlled temperature and time sequences prior to testing.4.3 The method may also be used to evaluate the effect of wood type and variability, or of non-wood materials, on bond strength development.4.4 By hermetically sealing the overlap region of sample bonds during their formation, the method may also be used to evaluate the effect of moisture and other resident volatile fluids on bond strength development.4.5 The method may also be used to evaluate the effect that the temperature at which variously formed bonds are tested has on their strength. Controlled rapid forced air cooling immediately after bond formation but before testing is necessary for such investigations. This approach may be employed to explore the thermoplastic characteristic of thermosetting adhesives and also the strength of hot melt adhesives as a function of pressing and testing temperatures.1.1 This test method concerns bonding and testing of wood adhesives and related adhesives using small scale tensile lap-shear samples in a manner that emphasizes transient cohesive strength as a function of bonding time and temperature.1.2 Use of thin adherends enables bondlines to be rapidly heated to elevated temperatures and maintained at those temperatures for a range of times at a controlled pressure before testing.1.3 Optional rapid forced air cooling of bonds after pressing and immediately before testing enables the effect of testing temperature on transient strength to be evaluated.1.4 Bond overlap distance is specified to ensure that failure occurs in the bondline rather than in unbonded portions of adherend strips, and also to minimize the effect of shear stress non-uniformity along the overlap during tensile testing.1.5 Standard wood or alternative non-standard materials must be of specified high quality and uniformity of structure and dimension to minimize variability of bonding and maximize stress transfer into the bonds during testing.1.6 The effect of wood variability and type, or of the properties of alternative non-wood materials, on bond strength development may be explored using the method.1.7 Optional hermetic sealing of bond overlaps during their heated pressing enables the effect of moisture on bonding to be evaluated.1.8 Thermal damage, either of pre-formed bonds or by prolonging bond forming times, may be evaluated as a function of time and elevated temperature using this test method.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Section 10 on Hazards.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method details the standard procedure for evaluating the effect of water repellent treatments on the freeze-thaw resistance of hydraulic cement mortar specimens. This test method is designed to compare the effectiveness of water repellent treatments under conditions of freezing and thawing only, intended as a laboratory screening method for treatment selection and may not accurately reflect the performance of treated and untreated specimens in the field. This procedure requires the use of a balance, corrosion-resistant aluminum metal pan, weight per litre (gallon) cup, freezing chamber, forced draft oven, and stiff-nylon-bristled brush. Mortar specimens are treated with or immersed in a water repellent material, removed, and allowed to cure. After air drying, the treated specimens are weighed then subjected to various cycles of freezing and thawing. Periodic weighing and observations are made to determine weight loss and deleterious effects such as spalling and cracking.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the comparative effect of water repellent treatments on the freeze-thaw cycling of hydraulic cement mortar specimens.1.2 This test method is designed to compare the effectiveness of water repellent treatments under conditions of freezing and thawing only. This test method is intended as a laboratory screening method for treatment selection and may not accurately reflect the performance of treated and untreated specimens in the field. This test method is not intended to duplicate field conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The primary function of a hydraulic fluid is to transmit power. This practice provides uniform guidelines for comparing fluids in terms of their power-transmitting abilities as reflected in their effect on hydraulic system or component efficiency and productivity.5.2 Practical advantages of enhanced hydraulic system efficiency may include increased productivity (faster machine cycle time), reduced power consumption (electricity or fuel), and reduced environmental impact (lower emissions).5.3 Differences in fluid performance may be relatively small. Consequently, it is essential that the necessary experimental controls are implemented to ensure consistency in operating conditions and duty cycle when comparing the energy efficiency of different hydraulic fluid formulations.5.4 This practice implies no evaluation of hydraulic fluid quality other than its effect on hydraulic system efficiency.1.1 This practice covers all types and grades of hydraulic fluids.1.2 This practice is applicable to both laboratory and field evaluations.1.3 This practice provides guidelines for conducting hydraulic fluid evaluations. It does not prescribe a specific efficiency test methodology.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method will distinguish between cooling system chemical solutions that do or do not have a tendency to change the surface appearance when applied to organic finishes used on vehicles. Such changes may be manifested by discoloration, loss of gloss, softening, swelling, or other similar phenomena.1.1 This test method determines the effect of cooling system chemical solutions on organic finishes used on motor vehicles. Cooling system chemicals include: coolants or corrosion inhibitors, or both, cooling system cleaners or flushes, or both, and stop leak additives.NOTE 1: This test method is a modification of Method of Test D1540.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Nearly all electronic devices are susceptible to possible damage or degradation from ESD encountered in their operating environments. The sensitivity of the equipment, the potential consequences of a malfunction, and the expected environmental conditions all impact the level of ESD protection needed.3.2 ESD shielding effectiveness test may be destructive, and units that have been tested should be considered unreliable for future use.1.1 This test method is used to determine the electrostatic discharge (ESD) shielding effectiveness of a membrane switch assembly or printed electronic device. This test method may be used to test a membrane switch or printed electronic device to destruction, that is, to determine its maximum ESD shielding effectiveness, or it may be used to test the ability of a membrane switch or printed electronic device to withstand a predetermined level of exposure.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use..

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5.1 Exposing a specimen to conditions of one-directional environmental cycling can increase its moisture content until a decrease in material properties occurs (at a specific number of cycles). Such a test could be inappropriate due to the number of cycles required to cause a decrease in material properties since product performance issues often arise only after many years of exposure. The use of a preconditioning procedure is not intended to duplicate expected field performance. Rather the purpose is to increase the moisture content of test materials prior to subjecting to them to environmental cycling.5.2 The most important aspect of the preconditioning procedure is non-uniform moisture distribution in the specimen. The heat flow is one directional causing moisture flow towards the cold side resulting in zones of dry material on the warm side and high moisture content on the cold side. (Whether the high moisture content zone is located right at the cold surface of the specimen or at some distance from this surface depends upon temperature oscillation and ability of the cold surface to dry outwards). Because the preconditioning procedure involves thermal gradient, this preconditioning procedure results in a distribution of moisture content that may occur under field exposure conditions. However, the resulting moisture content may differ significantly from that which may be demonstrated in typical product applications.5.3 The preconditioning results in accumulation of moisture in the thermal insulation resulting from the simultaneous exposure to a difference in temperature and water vapor pressure. This test method is not intended to duplicate field exposure. It is intended to provide comparative ratings. As excessive accumulation of moisture in a construction system may adversely affect its performance, the designer should consider the potential for moisture accumulation and the possible effects of this moisture on the system performance.1.1 This test method is applicable to preformed or field manufactured thermal insulation products, such as board stock foams, rigid fibrous and composite materials manufactured with or without protective facings. See Note 1. This test method is not applicable to high temperature, reflective or loose fill insulation.NOTE 1: If the product is manufactured with a facer, test product with facer in place.1.2 This test method involves two stages: preconditioning and environmental cycling. During the first stage, 25 mm (1 in.) thick specimens are used to separate two environments. Each of these environments has a constant but different temperature and humidity level. During the environmental cycling stage, specimens also divide two environments namely constant room temperature/humidity on one side and cycling temperature/ambient relative humidity on the other side.1.3 This test method measures the ability of the product to maintain thermal performance and critical physical attributes after being subjected to standardized exposure conditions. A comparison is made between material properties for reference specimens stored in the laboratory for the test period and specimens subjected to the two-stage test method. To eliminate the effect of moisture from the comparison, the material properties of the latter test specimens are determined after they have been dried to constant weight. The average value determined for each of the two sets of specimens is used for comparison.1.4 Different properties can be measured to assess the effect of environmental factors on thermal insulation. This test method requires that thermal resistance be determined based upon an average for three specimens measured after completing the test. Secondary elements of this test method include visual observations such as cracking, delamination or other surface defects, as well as the change in moisture content after each of the two stages of exposure prescribed by the test method.1.5 Characterization of the tested material is an essential element of this test method. Material properties used for characterization will include either compressive resistance or tensile strength values. The compressive resistance or tensile strength is measured on two sets of specimens, one set conditioned as defined in 1.2 and a set of reference test specimens taken from the same material batch and stored in the laboratory for the whole test period. For comparison, an average value is determined for each of the two sets of specimens.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers an accelerated procedure for predicting the effect of weathering on adhesion, surface cracking and peeling, deep bead cracking, oil exudation, and wrinkling of face glazing or bedding compounds, or both, intended for exterior use on steel, aluminum, or other metal sash.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any equivalent standard published by other ASTM committees, ISO or any other standards organizations.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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The efficiency of light-emitting diodes is known to vary with the carrier density of the starting material. This procedure provides a technique to prepare specimens in which the Hall carrier density can be measured in a region typical of that in which devices are fabricated. This quantity, which is related to the carrier density, can be used directly as a quality control parameter.Mobility is a function of a number of parameters of a semiconductor, including ionized impurity density, compensation, and lattice defects, some or all of which may be relatable to material quality as reflected in device quality. Use of this procedure makes the measurement of the mobility of the constant composition region possible.Since in GaAs (1−x)Px with x near 0.38, as is most often used for light-emitting diodes, the direct (000 or Γ) minimum and the indirect (100 or X) minima are within a few millielectronvolts in energy of each other, both are populated with current-carrying electrons. The mobility in the two bands is significantly different, and the relative population of the two is dependent upon the precise composition (x value), doping level, and temperature. Therefore, both Hall coefficient and Hall mobility must be interpreted with care (2,3). In particular, a measurement of Hall carrier density will not agree with a carrier density measurement on the same specimen made by capacitance-voltage techniques. Nevertheless, if the intent of measuring the carrier density of purchased or grown specimens is to find those which are optimum for diode fabrication, Hall measurements can be of value because a curve of efficiency versus Hall carrier density can be derived for the device process to be used based upon data taken on specimens prepared in accordance with this procedure.1.1 This practice covers a procedure to be followed to free the constant composition region of epitaxially grown gallium arsenide phosphide, GaAs(1x)Px, from the substrate and graded region on which it was grown in order to measure the electrical properties of only the constant composition region, which is typically 30 to 100 m thick. It also sets forth two alternative procedures to be followed to make electrical contact to the specimen.1.2 It is intended that this practice be used in conjunction with Test Methods F 76.1.3 The specific parameters set forth in this recommended practice are appropriate for GaAs0. 62P0. 38, but they can be applied, with changes in etch times, to material with other compositions.1.4 This practice does not deal with making or interpreting the Hall measurement on a specimen prepared as described herein, other than to point out the existence and possible effects due to the distribution of the free carriers among the two conduction band minima.1.5 This practice can also be followed in the preparation of specimens of the constant composition region for light absorption measurements or for mass or emission spectrometric analysis.1.6 This practice becomes increasingly difficult to apply as specimens become thinner.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 9 and 11.9.2.4.

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This test method is useful as an indicator of the susceptibility to moisture of compacted bitumen-aggregate mixtures. Note 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers measurement of the loss of compressive strength resulting from the action of water on compacted bituminous mixtures containing asphalt cement. A numerical index of reduced compressive strength is obtained by comparing the compressive strength of freshly molded and cured specimens with the compressive strength of duplicate specimens that have been immersed in water under prescribed conditions. 1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 Certain agencies who desire to use, store, or transport emulsified asphalt under less than ideal weather conditions may require that the product remain homogeneous (unbroken) after being subjected to a temperature of −18 °C.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 Emulsified asphalt is normally damaged by freezing temperatures, but specially formulated materials are expected to pass this practice.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The effect of dynamic rolling load over resilient floor covering system is important since the resistance reflects the ability of a resilient floor covering system to properly perform under specific use or condition.4.2 Excessive rolling load over an installed resilient floor covering may cause floor covering system failures such as bond failure, delamination, and finish or coating deteriorations.4.3 The effect of dynamic rolling load shall be measured by qualitative evaluation comparing the tested assembly with a standard assembly.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the effect of dynamic rolling load over a resilient floor covering.1.2 This practice is intended to be used by resilient, adhesive and underlayment manufacturers to measure the impact of a dynamic rolling load over a specific product or a combination of products.1.3 This practice may be used to evaluate the performance of joints (sealed or welded) in the resilient floor covering.1.4 This practice may be used to aid in the diagnosis of a specific assembly performance and provide comparative evaluation.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for using GWT to locate areas in metal pipes in which wall loss has occurred due to corrosion or erosion.5.2 GWT does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness, but is sensitive to a combination of the CSC and circumferential extent and axial extent of any metal loss. Based on this information, a classification of the severity can be assigned.5.3 The GWT method provides a screening tool to quickly identify any discontinuity along the pipe. Where a possible defect is found, follow-up inspection of suspected areas with ultrasonic testing or other NDT methods is normally required to obtain detailed thickness information, nature, and extent of damage.5.4 GWT also provides some information on the axial length of a discontinuity, provided that the axial length is longer than roughly a quarter of the wavelength of the excitation signal.5.5 The identification and severity assessment of any possible defects is qualitative only. An interpretation process to differentiate between relevant and non-relevant signals is necessary.5.6 This practice only covers the application specified in the scope. The GWT method has the capability and can be used for applications where the pipe is insulated, buried, in road crossings, and where access is limited.5.7 GWT shall be performed by qualified and certified personnel, as specified in the contract or purchase order. Qualifications shall include training specific to the use of the equipment employed, interpretation of the test results and guided wave technology.5.8 A documented program that includes training, examination and experience for the GWT personnel certification shall be maintained by the supplying party.1.1 This practice provides a procedure for the use of guided wave testing (GWT), also previously known as long range ultrasonic testing (LRUT) or guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT).1.2 GWT utilizes ultrasonic guided waves, sent in the axial direction of the pipe, to non-destructively test pipes for defects or other features by detecting changes in the cross-section or stiffness of the pipe, or both.1.3 GWT is a screening tool. The method does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness or the exact dimensions of defects/defected area; an estimate of the defect severity however can be provided.1.4 This practice is intended for use with tubular carbon steel or low-alloy steel products having Nominal Pipe size (NPS) 2 to 48 corresponding to 60.3 mm to 1219.2 mm (2.375 in. to 48 in.) outer diameter, and wall thickness between 3.81 mm and 25.4 mm (0.15 in. and 1 in.).1.5 This practice covers GWT using piezoelectric transduction technology.1.6 This practice only applies to GWT of basic pipe configuration. This includes pipes that are straight, constructed of a single pipe size and schedules, fully accessible at the test location, jointed by girth welds, supported by simple contact supports and free of internal, or external coatings, or both; the pipe may be insulated or painted.1.7 This practice provides a general procedure for performing the examination and identifying various aspects of particular importance to ensure valid results, but actual interpretation of the data is excluded.1.8 This practice does not establish an acceptance criterion. Specific acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contractual agreement by the responsible system user or engineering entity.1.9 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method can be used to test asphalt mixtures in conjunction with mixture design testing to determine the potential for moisture damage, to determine whether or not an antistripping additive is effective, and to determine what dosage of an additive is needed to maximize the effectiveness. This test method can also be used to test mixtures produced in plants to determine the effectiveness of additives under the conditions imposed in the field.NOTE 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers procedures for preparing and testing laboratory-compacted asphalt mixture specimens for the purpose of measuring the effect of water on the tensile strength of the paving mixture. This test method is applicable to dense mixtures such as those appearing in the Table for Composition of Bituminous Paving Mixtures in Specification D3515. This test method can be used to evaluate the effect of moisture with or without antistripping additives including liquids and pulverulent solids such as hydrated lime or portland cement.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units in brackets shall be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice should be used whenever measured color-scale or color-difference-scale values are to be compared to an established tolerance. In this way it can be demonstrated quantitatively that the sampling and measurement procedures are adequate to allow an unambiguous decision as to whether or not the mean results are within tolerance.5.2 This practice is based on portions of SAE J 1545, as it applies to painted or plastic automotive parts. It is generally applicable to object colors in various materials. Textured materials, such as textiles, may require special consideration (see SAE J 1545 and STP 15D Manual on Presentation of Data and Control Chart Analysis5).5.3 While Practice E178 deals with outliers, it does not include definitions relating to the box and whisker technique. The definition of an outlier is operational and a little vague because there is still considerable disagreement about what constitutes an outlier. In any normally distributed population, there will be members that range from minus to plus infinity. Theoretically, one should include any member of the population in any sample based on estimates of the population parameters. Practically, including a member that is found far from the mean within a small sample, most members of which are found near the mean, will introduce a systematic bias into the estimate of the population parameters (mean, standard deviation, standard error). Such a bias is in direct contrast with the goal of this practice, namely, to reduce the effects of variability of measurement. For the purposes of this practice, no distinction is made between errors of sampling and members of the tails of the distribution. Practice E178 has several methods and significance tables to attempt to differentiate between these two types of extreme values.1.1 Reduction of the variability associated with average color or color-difference measurements of object-color specimens is achieved by statistical analysis of the results of multiple measurements on a single specimen, or by measurement of multiple specimens, whichever is appropriate.1.2 This practice provides a means for the determination of the number of measurements required to reduce the variability to a predetermined fraction of the relevant color or color-difference tolerances.1.3 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to measure viscoelastic properties through the strain softening effects of a strain amplitude sweep (the Payne Effect).5.2 For the uncured state, the time conditioning and strain amplitude strain sweeps can relate to colloidal silica particle or carbon black deagglomeration from the mixing process. The profile of this Payne Effect from G’ storage modulus can also be a function of loading levels and particle size of these fillers in the rubber hydrocarbon medium. In addition, with silica and an organosilane additive, this G’ strain softening effect can determine if a given silanization reaction between a subject silica and an organosilane was achieved through reactive mixing. If the silanization reaction during the mixing was not achieved, the maximum G’ storage modulus from the strain sweep will not be lowered and the silica particle attraction to other silica particles will still be high resulting in a more dense filler network that remains.1.1 This test method covers the use of a sealed cavity rotorless oscillating shear rheometer for the measurement of the softening effects of rising sinusoidal strain when applied to an unvulcanized rubber compound containing significant amounts of colloidal fillers (such as silica or carbon black, or both) from a rubber mixing procedure. These strain softening properties relate to mixing conditions, the composition of the rubber compound, colloidal particle (Payne Effect) characteristics of the fillers, and in some cases the degree of reaction between an organosilane and precipitated, hydrated silica during mixing. This procedure is being commonly applied to rubber reactive mixing procedures.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车