This specification covers the requirements and testing procedures for five types of electrical insulation monitoring devices intended as permanently installed units that are used in the detection of ohmic insulation faults to ground in active AC ungrounded electrical systems. This specification does not address devices which are not intended for DC or AC ungrounded systems that operated with DC components, unless AC to DC conversion is isolated from the monitored system with transformers. Information required in the equipment manual that shall be provided with this system are also detailed.1.1 This specification covers electrical insulation monitoring devices intended as permanently installed units for use in the detection of ohmic insulation faults to ground in active AC ungrounded electrical systems.1.2 Limitations—This specification does not cover devices which are not intended for operation for: DC ungrounded systems or AC ungrounded systems with DC components unless AC to DC conversion is isolated from the monitored system with transformers.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are included for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This practice is a prescriptive set of installation methods to be used for suspended ceilings and is often used in lieu of designing a separate lateral restraint system. The authority having jurisdiction shall determine the applicability of this practice to local code requirements.3.2 This practice covers installation of suspended ceiling systems and related components in areas that require resistance to the effects of earthquake motions as defined by ASCE 7 and the International Building Code.3.3 The practice is broken into two main sections. The first section covers areas with light to moderate earthquake potential (Seismic Design Category C) while the second deals with severe earthquake potential (Seismic Design Category D, E & F).3.4 This practice includes requirements from multiple sources including previous versions of this practice, CISCA Seismic Recommendations for Direct-hung Acoustical Tile and Lay-in Ceilings, Seismic Zones 0-2 and CISCA Guidelines for Seismic Restraint for Direct Hung Suspended Ceiling Assemblies, Seismic Zones 3 & 4, suspended ceiling requirements from the International Building Code and ASCE 7. The purpose is to combine the requirements from these sources into a single comprehensive document.AbstractThis practice covers acoustical ceiling suspension systems and their additional requirements for application in areas subject to light to moderate seismic disturbance such as Uniform Building Code Seismic Zone 2, the BOCA Basic National Building Code where Av is less than 0.20 but greater than 0.10, and the Standard Building Code (SBC) where Av is less than 0.20 but greater than 0.05. This practice also covers areas subject to moderate to severe seismic disturbance such as Uniform Building Code Seismic Zones 3 and 4, the BOCA Basic National Building Code where Av is greater than 0.20, and the SBC where Av is greater than 0.20. The application of this practice is to be determined by local authorities. Current seismic maps published by recognized authorities such as those previously mentioned, as well as related material such as Open File 82-1033 and MS-812 Seismicity Maps, should be consulted. This practice is not intended to stifle research and development of new products or methods which may simplify the application method specified herein. A variation, however, must be substantiated by verifiable engineering data. A ceiling area of 144 ft2 [13m2] or less, surrounded by walls that connect directly to the structure above shall be exempt from this practice.1.1 This practice covers the installation of suspended systems for acoustical tile and lay-in panels and their additional requirements for two groups of buildings that are constructed to resist the effects of earthquake motions as defined by ASCE 7 and the International Building Code. These groupings are for Seismic Design Category C and Seismic Design Categories D, E and F.1.2 The authority having jurisdiction shall determine the applicability of this practice.1.3 Test Methods E3090/E3090M, Specification C635, and Practice C636 cover suspension systems, their installation, and testing without special regard to seismic lateral restraint needs. They remain applicable and shall be followed when this practice is specified.1.4 Ceilings less than or equal to 144 ft2 [13.4 m2] and surrounded by walls connected to the structure above are exempt from the requirements of this practice.1.5 This practice is not intended to stifle research and development of new products or methods. This practice is not intended to prevent the installation of any material or prohibit any design or method of construction not prescribed in this practice, provided that any such alternative has been substantiated by verifiable engineering data or full-scale dynamic testing that is acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.1.6 Ceiling areas of 1000 ft2 [92.9 m2] or less shall be exempt from the lateral force bracing requirements of 5.2.8.1.7 Ceilings constructed of gypsum board which is screw or nail attached to suspended members that support a ceiling on one level extending from wall to wall shall be exempt from the requirements of this practice.1.8 Free floating ceilings (those not attached directly to any structural walls) supported by chains or cables from the structure are not required to satisfy the seismic force requirements provided they meet the following requirements:1.8.1 The design load for such items shall equal 1.4 times the vertical operating weight.1.8.2 Seismic interaction effects shall be considered in accordance with 5.7.1.8.3 The connection to the structure shall allow a 360° range of motion in the horizontal plane.1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems result in nonconformance with the specification.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification specifies test methods which measure minimum qualities for acrylic dispersion grounds. It indicates the conditions that affect the quality of acrylic dispersion grounds that are not covered in the specification, such as wet ground properties, dry properties, and storage. This specification also mentions several methods that are used to test some of these conditions, including adhesion, oil hold out, and flexibility.1.1 This standard specifies test methods which measure minimum qualities for acrylic dispersion grounds.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method may be used as a preliminary or screening test to evaluate the relative effectiveness of a number of different materials being considered for use to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction.4.2 This test method may also be used to evaluate materials proposed for use on a particular job to prevent excessive expansion due to alkali-silica reaction, by testing in the quantity and in combination with the cement or cements to be used on the job.4.3 This test method does not assess the suitability of pozzolans or slag for use in concrete. These materials should comply with Specification C618, Specification C989/C989M or Specification C1240.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effectiveness of pozzolans or slag in preventing the excessive expansion caused by reaction between aggregates and alkalies in portland cement mixtures. The evaluation is based on the expansion developed in mortar bars by a combination of portland cement and a pozzolan or slag, made with reactive aggregates (borosilicate glass), during storage under prescribed conditions of test.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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A1.3 A1.3.1 This test method provides analytical procedures to determine the major chemical constituents of limestone (see Note 1). The percentages of specific constituents that determine a material’s quality or fitness for use are of significance depending upon the purpose or end use of the material. Results obtained may be used in relation to specification requirements.NOTE A1.1: This test method can be applied to other calcareous materials if provisions are made to compensate for known interferences.AbstractThis specification covers ground calcium carbonate (GCC, a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral filler (AMF) materials for use in concrete mixtures. It defines the types of GCC and AMF materials for use in concrete. If concrete in service is subject to sulfate exposure, fillers derived from ground limestone should not be used unless mitigation methods are used.1.1 This specification applies to ground calcium carbonate (GCC is a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral filler (AMF) materials for use in concrete mixtures. The specification defines the types of GCC and AMF materials for use in concrete.1.2 If concrete in service is subject to sulfate exposure, fillers derived from ground limestone should not be used unless mitigation methods are used.NOTE 1: American Concrete Institute (ACI) technical documents 201.2R, 318, 332, and 350 contain useful information and code requirements dealing with sulfate exposure in service. Soluble sulfate in water can be determined in accordance with Test Method D516 or Test Method D4130. Percent sulfate by mass in soil can be determined by Test Method C1580.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.NOTE 2: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is part of an overall suite of related test methods that provide repeatable measures of robotic system maneuvering and remote operator proficiency. The align ground contacts with parallel rails test challenges robotic system locomotion, operator control, effective camera positioning, chassis shape variability (if available), and remote situational awareness by the operator. As such, the align ground contacts with parallel rails test can be used to represent situations where hazards must be avoided by the robot (for example, debris, puddles) surrounding a path in the environment, highlighting situational awareness demands on the operator while controlling the robot.5.2 The scale of the apparatus can vary to provide different constraints representative of typical intended deployment environments. For example, the three configurations can be representative of repeatable complexity for unobstructed environments (open configuration), relatively open parking lots with spaces between cars (rectangular confinement configuration), or within bus, train, or plane aisles, or dwellings with hallways and doorways (square confinement configuration).5.3 The test apparatuses are low cost and easy to fabricate so they can be widely replicated. The procedure is also simple to conduct. This eases comparisons across various testing locations and dates to determine best-in-class systems and operators.5.4 Evaluation—This test method can be used in a controlled environment to measure baseline capabilities. The parallel rails apparatus can also be embedded into operational training scenarios to measure degradation due to uncontrolled variables in lighting, weather, radio communications, GPS accuracy, etc.5.5 Procurement—This test method can be used to identify inherent capability trade-offs in systems, make informed purchasing decisions, and verify performance during acceptance testing. This aligns requirement specifications and user expectations with existing capability limits.5.6 Training—This test method can be used to focus operator training as a repeatable practice task or as an embedded task within training scenarios. The resulting measures of remote operator proficiency enable tracking of perishable skills over time, along with comparisons of performance across squads, regions, or national averages.5.7 Innovation—This test method can be used to inspire technical innovation, demonstrate break-through capabilities, and measure the reliability of systems performing specific tasks within an overall mission sequence. Combining or sequencing multiple test methods can guide manufacturers toward implementing the combinations of capabilities necessary to perform essential mission tasks.1.1 This test method is intended for remotely operated ground robots operating in complex, unstructured, and often hazardous environments. It specifies the apparatuses, procedures, and performance metrics necessary to measure the capability of a robot to align its ground contacts while maneuvering across parallel rails. This test method is one of several related maneuvering tests that can be used to evaluate overall system capabilities.1.2 The robotic system includes a remote operator in control of most functionality, so an onboard camera and remote operator display are typically required. This test method can be used to evaluate assistive or autonomous behaviors intended to improve the effectiveness or efficiency of remotely operated systems.1.3 Different user communities can set their own thresholds of acceptable performance within this test method for various mission requirements.1.4 Performing Location—This test method may be performed anywhere the specified apparatuses and environmental conditions can be implemented.1.5 Units—The International System of Units (a.k.a. SI Units) and U.S. Customary Units (a.k.a. Imperial Units) are used throughout this document. They are not mathematical conversions. Rather, they are approximate equivalents in each system of units to enable use of readily available materials in different countries. The differences between the stated dimensions in each system of units are insignificant for the purposes of comparing test method results, so each system of units is separately considered standard within this test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers minimum performance and safety requirements for EMS ground vehicles used: 1.1.1 In the transportation of the sick and injured to or from an appropriate medical facility while basic or advanced, or both, life support services are being provided, 1.1.2 In the delivery of interhospital critical transport care, 1.1.3 In the delivery of nonemergency, medically required, transport services, and 1.1.4 In the transportation and delivery of personnel and supplies essential for proper care of an emergent patient. 1.2 It includes the performance standards for necessary materials, equipment, and systems to the levels outlined in recognized standards, whether clinical or vehicular. 1.3 The document is divided into two sections. Section A describes those vehicles used primarily for responding to and for transporting and treating the patient while en route to an appropriate medical facility. Section B will be developed at a later date and will describe those vehicles primarily used for transporting the nonemergency patient, for transporting essential personnel or equipment, or both, to and from a location where emergency medical care is required, or for transporting patients in areas not accessible by ambulances described in Section A. 1.4 This document establishes criteria that shall be considered in the performance, specification, purchase and acceptance testing of ground vehicles for EMS use. 1.5 This document does not define the staffing of ground vehicles or the clinical practice of emergency medicine. 1.6 The entire document should be read before ordering an ambulance, in order to be knowledgeable of which equipment is standard, and which options are desired. Due to the variety of ambulance equipment or features, some options may be incompatible with all chassis manufacturers' models. Detailed technical information is available from the chassis manufacturers. 1.7 The sections in this specification appear in the following sequence: Section 1 Referenced Documents 2 Terminology 3 Materials 4 Requirements 5 General Vehicle Types and Floor Plan 5.1 Vehicle, Components, Equipment, and Accessories 5.2 Vehicle Operation, Performance, and Physical Charac- teristics 5.3 Vehicle Weight Ratings and Payload 5.4 Chassis, Engine, and Components 5.5 Electrical System and Components 5.6 Lighting, Ambulance Exterior and Interior 5.7 Cab-body Driver Compartment and Equipment 5.8 Vehicle Body and Patient Area 5.9 Storage 5.10 Oxygen and Suction Systems and Equipment 5.11 Environmental: Climatic and Noise Parameters 5.12 Communications 5.13 Preparation for Painting, Color, and Markings 5.14 Undercoating 5.15 Corrosionproofing 5.16 Markings, Data Plates, Warranty Notice, etc. 5.17 Documentation 5.18 Predelivery Inspection and Servicing 5.19 Additional Systems, Medical Equipment, Accessories, and Supplies 5.20 Quality Assurance Provisions, Inspection, and Testing 6 Responsibility for Inspection and Tests 6.1 Inspection and Testing 6.2 Certifications 6.3 "Star of Life" Certification Requirements 6.4 Tests 6.5 Appendixes Partial Listing Specialty-Type Ground Vehicles X1 Typical Storage Volumes for Interior Compartments X1.2.1 Typical Extrication Equipment Might Include X1.2.2 Prepurchase Checklist X2 Rationale X3

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5.1 This test method is part of an overall suite of related test methods that provide repeatable measures of robotic system mobility and remote operator proficiency. The variable height rail obstacle challenges robotic system locomotion, suspension systems to maintain traction, rollover tendencies, high-centering tendencies, self-righting (if necessary), chassis shape variability (if available), and remote situational awareness by the operator. As such, the variable height rail obstacle can be used to represent obstacles in the environment, such as railroad tracks, curbs, and debris.5.2 The scale of the apparatus can vary to provide different constraints representative of typical obstacle spacing in the intended deployment environment. For example, the three configurations can be representative of repeatable complexity for unobstructed obstacles (open configuration), relatively open parking lots with spaces between cars (rectangular confinement configuration), or within bus, train, or plane aisles, or dwellings with hallways and doorways (square confinement configuration).5.3 The test apparatuses are low cost and easy to fabricate so they can be widely replicated. The procedure is also simple to conduct. This eases comparisons across various testing locations and dates to determine best-in-class systems and operators.5.4 Evaluation—This test method can be used in a controlled environment to measure baseline capabilities. The variable height rail obstacle can also be embedded into operational training scenarios to measure degradation due to uncontrolled variables in lighting, weather, radio communications, GPS accuracy, etc.5.5 Procurement—This test method can be used to identify inherent capability trade-offs in systems, make informed purchasing decisions, and verify performance during acceptance testing. This aligns requirement specifications and user expectations with existing capability limits.5.6 Training—This test method can be used to focus operator training as a repeatable practice task or as an embedded task within training scenarios. The resulting measures of remote operator proficiency enable tracking of perishable skills over time, along with comparisons of performance across squads, regions, or national averages.5.7 Innovation—This test method can be used to inspire technical innovation, demonstrate break-through capabilities, and measure the reliability of systems performing specific tasks within an overall mission sequence. Combining or sequencing multiple test methods can guide manufacturers toward implementing the combinations of capabilities necessary to perform essential mission tasks.1.1 This test method is intended for remotely operated ground robots operating in complex, unstructured, and often hazardous environments. It specifies the apparatuses, procedures, and performance metrics necessary to measure the capability of a robot to negotiate an obstacle in the form of variable height rail. This test method is one of several related obstacle tests that can be used to evaluate overall system capabilities.1.2 The robotic system includes a remote operator in control of most functionality, so an onboard camera and remote operator display are typically required. This test method can be used to evaluate assistive or autonomous behaviors intended to improve the effectiveness or efficiency of remotely operated systems.1.3 Different user communities can set their own thresholds of acceptable performance within this test method for various mission requirements.1.4 Performing Location—This test method may be performed anywhere the specified apparatuses and environmental conditions can be implemented.1.5 Units—The International System of Units (a.k.a. SI Units) and U.S. Customary Units (a.k.a. Imperial Units) are used throughout this document. They are not mathematical conversions. Rather, they are approximate equivalents in each system of units to enable use of readily available materials in different countries. The differences between the stated dimensions in each system of units are insignificant for the purposes of comparing test method results, so each system of units is separately considered standard within this test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Ground coal is commonly used as an inexpensive filler in rubber compounds as a direct or partial replacement for carbon black or as a diluent in the compound.3.2 Ground coal is very compatible with most rubbers and is very easily mixed into the compound.1.1 This classification covers the compounding material known as ground coal. It is generally used in rubber compounds as a filler.1.2 There are three grades of ground coal based on particle size, ash, and moisture. The selected values for these properties are suitable for use in a rubber compound.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The purpose of this practice is to outline a procedure for using GWT to locate areas in metal pipes in which wall loss has occurred due to corrosion or erosion.5.2 GWT does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness, but is sensitive to a combination of the CSC and circumferential extent and axial extent of any metal loss. Based on this information, a classification of the severity can be assigned.5.3 The GWT method provides a screening tool to quickly identify any discontinuity along the pipe. Where a possible defect is found, follow-up inspection of suspected areas with ultrasonic testing or other NDT methods is normally required to obtain detailed thickness information, nature, and extent of damage.5.4 GWT also provides some information on the axial length of a discontinuity, provided that the axial length is longer than roughly a quarter of the wavelength of the excitation signal.5.5 The identification and severity assessment of any possible defects is qualitative only. An interpretation process to differentiate between relevant and non-relevant signals is necessary.5.6 This practice only covers the application specified in the scope. The GWT method has the capability and can be used for applications where the pipe is insulated, buried, in road crossings, and where access is limited.5.7 GWT shall be performed by qualified and certified personnel, as specified in the contract or purchase order. Qualifications shall include training specific to the use of the equipment employed, interpretation of the test results and guided wave technology.5.8 A documented program that includes training, examination and experience for the GWT personnel certification shall be maintained by the supplying party.1.1 This practice provides a procedure for the use of guided wave testing (GWT), also previously known as long range ultrasonic testing (LRUT) or guided wave ultrasonic testing (GWUT).1.2 GWT utilizes ultrasonic guided waves, sent in the axial direction of the pipe, to non-destructively test pipes for defects or other features by detecting changes in the cross-section or stiffness of the pipe, or both.1.3 GWT is a screening tool. The method does not provide a direct measurement of wall thickness or the exact dimensions of defects/defected area; an estimate of the defect severity however can be provided.1.4 This practice is intended for use with tubular carbon steel or low-alloy steel products having Nominal Pipe size (NPS) 2 to 48 corresponding to 60.3 mm to 1219.2 mm (2.375 in. to 48 in.) outer diameter, and wall thickness between 3.81 mm and 25.4 mm (0.15 in. and 1 in.).1.5 This practice covers GWT using piezoelectric transduction technology.1.6 This practice only applies to GWT of basic pipe configuration. This includes pipes that are straight, constructed of a single pipe size and schedules, fully accessible at the test location, jointed by girth welds, supported by simple contact supports and free of internal, or external coatings, or both; the pipe may be insulated or painted.1.7 This practice provides a general procedure for performing the examination and identifying various aspects of particular importance to ensure valid results, but actual interpretation of the data is excluded.1.8 This practice does not establish an acceptance criterion. Specific acceptance criteria shall be specified in the contractual agreement by the responsible system user or engineering entity.1.9 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is part of an overall suite of related test methods that provide repeatable measures of robotic system mobility and remote operator proficiency. This k-rail terrain specifically challenges robotic system locomotion, suspension systems to maintain traction, rollover tendencies, self-righting in complex terrain (if necessary), chassis shape variability (if available), and remote situational awareness by the operator. As such, it can be used to represent modest to challenging (when the cross-over slope configuration is used) outdoor terrain complexity or indoor debris within confined areas.5.2 The overall size of the terrain apparatus can vary to provide different constraints depending on the typical obstacle spacing of the intended deployment environment. For example, the terrain with containment walls can be sized to represent repeatable complexity within bus, train, or plane aisles; dwellings with hallways and doorways; relatively open parking lots with spaces between cars; or unobstructed terrains.5.3 The test apparatuses are low cost and easy to fabricate so they can be widely replicated. The procedure is also simple to conduct. This eases comparisons across various testing locations and dates to determine best-in-class systems and operators.5.4 Evaluation—This test method can be used in a controlled environment to measure baseline capabilities. It can also be embedded into operational training scenarios to measure degradation due to uncontrolled variables in lighting, weather, radio communications, GPS accuracy, etc.5.5 Procurement—This test method can be used to identify inherent capability trade-offs in systems, make informed purchasing decisions, and verify performance during acceptance testing. This aligns requirement specifications and user expectations with existing capability limits.5.6 Training—This test method can be used to focus operator training as a repeatable practice task or as an embedded task within training scenarios. The resulting measures of remote operator proficiency enable tracking of perishable skills over time, along with comparisons of performance across squads, regions, or national averages.5.7 Innovation—This test method can be used to inspire technical innovation, demonstrate break-through capabilities, and measure the reliability of systems performing specific tasks within an overall mission sequence. Combining or sequencing multiple test methods can guide manufacturers toward implementing the combinations of capabilities necessary to perform essential mission tasks.1.1 This test method is intended for remotely operated ground robots operating in complex, unstructured, and often hazardous environments. It specifies the apparatuses, procedures, and performance metrics necessary to measure the capability of a robot to traverse complex terrains in the form of k-rails. This test method is one of several related Terrain tests that can be used to evaluate overall system capabilities.1.2 The robotic system includes a remote operator in control of all functionality, so an onboard camera and remote operator display are typically required. Assistive features or autonomous behaviors that improve the effectiveness or efficiency of the overall system are encouraged.1.3 Different user communities can set their own thresholds of acceptable performance within this test method for various mission requirements.1.4 Performing Location—This test method may be performed anywhere the specified apparatuses and environmental conditions can be implemented.1.5 Units—The International System of Units (a.k.a. SI Units) and U.S. Customary Units (a.k.a. Imperial Units) are used throughout this document. They are not mathematical conversions. Rather, they are approximate equivalents in each system of units to enable use of readily available materials in different countries. This avoids excessive purchasing and fabrication costs. The differences between the stated dimensions in each system of units are insignificant for the purposes of comparing test method results, so each system of units is separately considered standard within this test method.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice provides a standardized installation procedure for ceilings designed and installed as a diaphragm. When installed according to this practice, these ceilings have sufficient strength to resist seismic forces without lateral force bracing.1.1 This practice covers the installation requirements of direct hung suspended t-bar type ceiling systems intended to receive gypsum panel products constructed as flat, single level, surrounded on all sides by a wall, bulk head, or soffit braced to the building structure to resist the effects of earthquake ground motions.1.2 Ceiling assembly shall not be intended to support live loads.1.3 This standard addresses ceiling systems with dead loads up to 10 lbs/ft2 (48.8 kg/m2).1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Concepts—This guide summarizes the equipment, field procedures, and data processing methods used to interpret geologic conditions, and to identify and provide locations of geologic anomalies and man-made objects with the GPR method. The GPR uses high-frequency EM waves (from 10 to 3000 MHz) to acquire subsurface information. Energy is propagated downward into the ground from a transmitting antenna and is reflected back to a receiving antenna from subsurface boundaries between media possessing different EM properties. The reflected signals are recorded to produce a scan or trace of radar data. Typically, scans obtained as the antenna(s) are moved over the ground surface are placed side by side to produce a radar profile. 5.1.1 The vertical scale of the radar profile is in units of two-way travel time, the time it takes for an EM wave to travel down to a reflector and back to the surface. The travel time may be converted to depth by relating it to on-site measurements or assumptions about the velocity of the radar waves in the subsurface materials. 5.1.2 Vertical variations in propagation velocity due to changing EM properties of the subsurface can make it difficult to apply a linear time scale to the radar profile (Ulriksen (31)). 5.2 Parameter Being Measured and Representative Values:  5.2.1 Two-Way Travel Time and Velocity—A GPR trace is the record of the amplitude of EM energy that has been reflected from interfaces between materials possessing different EM properties and recorded as a function of two-way travel time. To convert two-way times to depths, it is necessary to estimate or determine the propagation velocity of the EM pulses or waves. The relative permittivity of the material (εr) through which the EM pulse or wave propagates mostly determines the propagation velocity of the EM wave. The propagation velocity through the material is approximated using the following relationship (see full formula in Balanis (32)): where: c   =   propagation velocity in free space (3.00 × 108m/s), Vm   =   propagation velocity through the material, and εr   =   relative permittivity. It is assumed that the magnetic permeability is that of free space and the loss tangent is much less than 1. 5.2.1.1 Table 1 lists the relative permittivities (εr) and radar propagation velocities for various materials. Relative permittivity values range from 1 for air to 81 for fresh water. For unsaturated earth materials, εr ranges from 3 to 15. Note that a small change in the water content of earth materials results in a significant change in the relative permittivity. For water-saturated earth material, εr can range from 8 to 30. These values are representative, but may vary considerably with temperature, frequency, density, water content, salinity, and other conditions. (A)   d = function of density,  w = function of porosity and water content,  f = function of frequency,  t = function of temperature  s = function of salinity, and  p = function of pressure. 5.2.1.2 If the relative permittivity is unknown, as is normally the case, it may be necessary to estimate velocity or use a reflector of known depth to calculate the velocity. The propagation velocity, Vm, is calculated from the relationship as follows: where: D   =   measured depth to reflecting interface, and t   =   two-way travel time of an EM wave. 5.2.1.3 Methods for measuring velocity in the field are found in 6.7.3. Note that measured velocities may only be valid at the location where they are measured under specific soil conditions. If there is lateral variability in soil and rock composition and moisture content, velocity may need to be determined at several locations. 5.2.2 Attenuation—The depth of penetration is determined primarily by the attenuation of the radar signal due to the conversion of EM energy to thermal energy through electrical conduction, dielectric relaxation, or magnetic relaxation losses. Conductivity is primarily governed by the water content of the material and the concentration of free ions in solution (salinity). Attenuation also occurs due to scattering of the EM energy in unwanted directions by inhomogeneities in the subsurface. If the scale of inhomogeneity is comparable to the wavelength of EM energy, scattering may be significant (Olhoeft (33)). Other factors that affect attenuation include soil type, temperature (Morey (34)), and clay mineralogy (Doolittle (35)). Environments not conducive to using the radar method include high conductivity soils, sediments saturated with salt water or highly conductive fluids, and metal. 5.3 Equipment—The GPR equipment utilized for the measurement of subsurface conditions normally consists of a transmitter and receiver antenna, a radar control unit, and suitable data storage and display devices. 5.3.1 Radar Control Unit—The radar control unit synchronizes signals to the transmitting and receiving electronics in the antennas. The synchronizing signals control the transmitter and sampling receiver electronics located in the antenna(s) in order to generate a sampled waveform of the reflected radar waves. These waveforms may be filtered and amplified and are transmitted along with timing signals to the display and recording devices. 5.3.2 Real-time signal processing for improvement of signal-to-noise ratio is available in most GPR systems. When working in areas with cultural noise and in materials causing signal attenuation, time-varying gain is necessary to adjust signal amplitudes for display on monitors or plotting devices. Filters may be used in real time to improve signal quality. The summing of radar signals (stacking) is used to increase effective depth of exploration by improving the signal-to-noise ratio. 5.3.3 Data Display—The GPR data are displayed as a continuous profile of individual radar traces (Fig. 2). The horizontal-axis represents horizontal traverse distance and the vertical-axis is two-way travel time (or depth). Data are commonly presented in wiggle trace display, where the intensity of the received wave at an instant in time is proportional to the amplitude of the trace (see Fig. 2), or as a gray scale or color scale display, where the intensity of the received wave at an instant in time is proportional to either the intensity of gray scale (that is, black is high intensity, and white is low intensity; see Fig. 3) or to some color assignment defined according to a specified color-signal amplitude relationship. 5.4.2.4 Polarization—The type and alignment of polarization of the vector electromagnetic fields may be important in receiving responses from various scatterers. Two linear, parallel polarized, electric field antennas can maximize the response from linear scatters like pipes when the electric field (typically long axis of the dipole antenna) is aligned parallel with the pipe and towed perpendicular across the pipe. Similarly, alignment with the rebar in concrete will maximize the ability to map the rebar, but alignment perpendicular to the rebar will minimize scattering reflections from the rebar to see through or past the rebar to get the thickness of concrete. Similar arrangement may be made for overhead wires and nearby fences. Cross-polarized antennas (perpendicular to each other) minimize the response from horizontal layers. 5.4.3 Interferences Caused by Ambient, Geologic, and Cultural Conditions:  5.4.3.1 Measurements obtained by the GPR method may contain unwanted signals (noise) caused by geologic and cultural factors. 5.4.3.2 Ambient and Geologic Sources of Noise—Boulders, animal burrows, tree roots, or other inhomogeneities can cause unwanted reflections or scattering of the radar waves. Lateral and vertical variations in EM properties can also be a source of noise. 5.4.3.3 Cultural Sources of Noise—Above-ground cultural sources of noise include reflections from nearby vehicles, buildings, fences, power lines, lampposts, and trees. In cases where this kind of interference is present in the data, a shielded antenna may be used to reduce the noise. (1) Scrap metal at or near the surface can cause interference or ringing in the radar data. The presence of buried structures such as foundations, reinforcement bars (rebar), cables, pipes, tanks, drums, and tunnels under or near the survey line may also cause unwanted reflections (clutter). (2) In some cases, EM transmissions from nearby cellular telephones, two-way radios, television, and radio and microwave transmitters may induce noise on the radar record. (3) Other Sources of Noise—Other sources of noise can be caused by the EM coupling of the antenna with the earth and decoupling of the antenna to the ground due to rough terrain, heavy vegetation, water on the ground surface, or other changes in surface conditions. 5.4.3.4 Summary—All possible sources of noise present during a survey should be noted so that their effects can be considered when processing and interpreting the data. 5.4.4 Alternate Methods—The limitations previously discussed may prohibit the effective use of the GPR method, and other methods or non-geophysical methods may be required to resolve the problem (see Guide D6429). Note 1: The quality of the result produced by applying this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the work, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.

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1.1 This specification covers ground-glass pozzolans for use in concrete where pozzolanic action is desired. This specification applies to ground glass from sources that consist of container glass, plate glass, or E-glass.1.2 The standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. If required results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this standard, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide.21.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 While many of the reasons for needing the signals contained in this practice have been overcome by technology development, situations still arise where voice communications cannot be established between aircraft and persons on the ground during emergencies. This is particularly true of persons in distress, who typically have no communications equipment. These signals continue to meet the need for communications.3.2 Most of these signals have been adopted by international convention, the others by civilian and military agencies of the United States Government. The signals described in this practice are intended for use on land and can be made without special equipment such as flares or colored panels. Other signaling systems are described in the National Search and Rescue (SAR) Manual.33.3 The signals are also useful in situations where either complete or partial voice communications exist. Where only partial capabilities exist, for example, a ground unit with receive-only capability, the aircrew can transmit voice and the ground crew can respond with the appropriate signal.3.3.1 The signals described in Section 4, by their nature, are not intended for real-time communications with aircraft. They can be left unattended as messages for aircrews. Persons on the ground (SAR or otherwise) can make a signal and continue on without contact with the aircraft. The SAR personnel should keep this in mind when encountering the signals of Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Ground-to-Air Signals3.4 Search and rescue agencies utilizing this practice should disseminate these signals to the public as part of their preventative search and rescue (PSAR) efforts. The signals have changed over the years and a number of publications contain obsolete signals.1.1 This practice covers the signals to be used between persons on the ground and in aircraft when two-way voice communications cannot be established during ground emergencies. Ground signals are limited to land-based ones that do not require special equipment. Flare, light, panel, and maritime signals are specifically excluded.1.2 The signals are divided into two categories: those used by persons on the ground and those used by aircraft.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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