定价： 975元 / 折扣价： 829 元 加购物车

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元 加购物车

4.1 These test methods are designed for use in most cases with the actual equipment to be used in load handling.4.2 These test methods may be used in evaluating the shipping unit as to suitability for mechanical handling by standard user-specified load-handling equipment.4.3 These test methods will allow the user to determine integrity and stability of the load as well as provide guidance to improve the design of the unit load where deficiencies are found.4.4 Damage to products or packages observed during testing may be expected to correlate at least in a qualitative way to damage observed in actual distribution handling systems.1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity of unitized loads and large cases and crates, but not individual drums or palletized drums, as well as the ability of the contents to endure normal handling, using standard mechanical handling equipment. Not all of the test methods are applicable to all products containers and loads. These test methods are applicable to common means of material handling, including pull pack, clamp truck, and spade lift-type handling equipment as follows:1.1.1 Test Method A—Fork Truck Handling—For testing the ability of the shipping unit to withstand repeated handlings by this test method.1.1.2 Test Method B—Spade Lift Test—For lifting by spade lift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap of the case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and handling by this test method.1.1.3 Test Method C—Clamp Handling Test—For lifting by hydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of repeated side compression and lifting.1.1.4 Test Method D—Push-Pull Handling Test—For testing the ability of a unitized load on a slip-sheet to withstand repeated handling by this test method.1.1.5 Test Method E—Grabhook Test—For lifting by grabhooks to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the horizontal pressures of grabhooks.1.1.6 Test Method F—Sling Tests—For lifting by wire rope, cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the compression of slings.1.2 Additional Test Methods: 1.2.1 Additional test methods that apply to mechanical handling and rough handling tests of unitized loads and large cases and crates include incline impact tests, described in Test Method D880; horizontal impact tests, described in Test Method D4003.1.2.2 Practice D4169 provides a series of options for selecting and running performance tests on all types of shipping containers and systems.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

Update No. 1 was published as notification that this is now a National Standard of Canada This PDF includes Update No. 1 1 Scope 1.1 General 1.1.1 This Standard specifies minimum requirements for and provides guidance on design principles, sa

定价： 1365元 / 折扣价： 1161 元

1 Scope This technical report outlines principles which are intended to be used as the basis for determining the requirements for connecting large distorting loads (producing harmonics and/or interharmonics) to public power systems. The primary objecti

定价： 1456元 / 折扣价： 1238 元

1 Scope This technical report outlines principles which are intended to be used as the basis for determining the requirements for connecting large fluctuating loads (producing flicker) to public power systems. The primary objective is to provide guidan

定价： 1274元 / 折扣价： 1083 元

定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice addresses performance characteristics for vegetative (green) roof systems with respect to the dead load and transient water load of the entire vegetative (green) roof system.5.2 Determining these performance characteristics of vegetative (green) roof systems provides information to facilitate the assessment of related engineering aspects of the facility. Such aspects may include structural design requirements, mechanical engineering and thermal design requirements, and fire and life safety requirements.5.3 Determining these performance characteristics of vegetative (green) roof systems provides information to facilitate assessment of the performance of one vegetative (green) roof system relative to another.1.1 This practice covers a standardized procedure for predicting the system weight of a vegetative (green) roof system.1.2 The practice addresses the loads associated with vegetative (green) roof systems. Components that are typically encountered in vegetative (green) roof systems include: membranes, non-absorptive plastic sheet components, metallic layers, fabrics, geocomposite drain layers, synthetic reinforcing layers, cover/recover boards, insulation materials, growth media, granular drainage media, and plant materials.1.3 This practice also addresses the weight of the vegetative (green) roof system under two conditions: (1) weight under drained conditions after new water additions by rainfall or irrigation have ceased (this includes the weight of retained water and captured water), and (2) weight when rainfall or irrigation is actively occurring and the drain layer is completely filled with water. The first condition is considered the dead load of the vegetative (green) roof system. The difference in weight between the first and second conditions, approximated by the weight of transient water in the drain layer, is considered a live load.1.4 This practice does not address point or line loads associated with architectural elements that are not essential components of a particular vegetative (green) roof system. These architectural elements may include pavement, walls, and masonry, and so forth.1.5 This practice does not address live loads associated with construction activities.1.6 This practice does not address loads associated with snow or wind.1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing vertical and batter piles either individually or in groups to determine the load-defection relationship when subjected to lateral loading. It is applicable to all deep foundation units regardless of their size or method of installation. This test method is divided into the following sections: Section Referenced Documents 2 Significance and Use 3 Apparatus for Applying Loads 4 Apparatus for Measuring Movements 5 Loading Procedures 6 Procedures for Measuring Movements 7 Safety Requirements 8 Report 9 Precision and Bias 10 1.2 This test method only describes procedures for testing single piles or pile groups. It does not cover the interpretation or analysis of the test results or the application of the test results to foundation design or the use of empirical or analytic procedures for determining the magnitude and variation of the coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction, bending stresses, and bending movements over the length of the pile. The term "failure" as used in this test method indicates a rapid progressive lateral movement of the pile or pile group under a constant or decreasing load. 1.3 Apparatus and procedures designated "optional" are to be required only when included in the project specifications and, if not specified, may be used only with the approval of the engineer responsible for the foundation design. The word "shall" indicates a mandatory provision and "should" indicates a recommended or advisory provision. Imperative sentences indicate mandatory provisions. Notes and illustrations included herein are explanatory or advisory. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautions, see Section 8.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers a procedure for evaluating metal devices used for wood-to-wood, wood-to-concrete, wood-to-concrete masonry, and wood-to-steel joist, beam, and girder connections. It describes test methods for evaluating the capacities of joist hangers subject to vertical and torsional loading. Also, this specification provides a method of assigning allowable loads to joist hangers based on measured strength and deformation characteristics. Test specimens consisting of a length of joist supported by joist hangers attached to two headers are subjected to a vertical load by a suitable testing machine, while the vertical load and corresponding deflection of the joist are measured and recorded to provide load-slip data.1.1 This specification covers a procedure for evaluating metal devices used for wood-to-wood, wood-to-concrete, wood-to-concrete masonry, and wood-to-steel connections. This method is intended for use with devices used to connect joists, beams, and girders together. These devices are commonly described as joist hangers.1.2 This specification describes test methods for evaluating the capacities of joist hangers subject to vertical and torsional loading.1.3 This specification provides a method of assigning allowable loads to joist hangers based on measured strength and deformation characteristics. Information obtained by the provisions of this specification is applicable to design when using the Allowable Stress Design method.1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is intended for use primarily as a means of comparing the performance of unitizing films. It can also be used to compare the effectiveness of different wrap cycles with the same wrapping materials. No direct correlation between these test results and actual field performance has been established.4.2 This test method simulates mechanical handling anticipated during all distribution phases.4.3 This test method leaves open to the discretion of the user the establishment of test levels and numbers of cycles constituting the test, so that the user might tailor the test to simulate a particular distribution environment. The section on mechanical handling over 100 pounds (45 kg) in Practice D4169 may provide some guidance in this regard.1.1 This test method covers evaluation and comparison of the ability of unitizing films to survive various methods of mechanical handling.1.2 The test method described is applicable to common means of material handling, including the following: forklift, push/pull, clamp truck, crane, and spade lift-type handling systems.1.3 The test levels may be varied to reflect known levels of intensity accurately for the specific unit load under testing.1.4 The methodology of performing the mechanical handling tests is described in detail in Test Methods D6055 and Test Methods D6179. This test method will describe only sample preparation and evaluation in the special case of evaluating the performance of stretch film for load unitizing.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity of large shipping cases and unitized loads as well as the ability of the contents to endure normal handling. Not all of the methods are applicable to all products, containers, and loads. The test methods described are applicable to common means of material handling including: forklift, pull pack, clamp truck, crane, and spade lift type handling systems as follows: 1.1.1 Drop Test -For measuring the ability of the case or unitized load to withstand rough handling and provide information useful in improving the design of the container (see 9.1.2 and 10.1). 1.1.2 Spade Lift Test -For lifting by spade lift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap of the case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and handling by this method (see 9.2). 1.1.3 Clamp Lift Test -For lifting by hydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of the case or shipping unit, to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of repeated side compressions and lifting (see 9.3). 1.1.4 Push-Pull Handling Test -For testing the ability of the slip sheet tab to withstand repeated pulls by the gripper jaws without tearing (see 9.4). 1.1.5 Grabhook Test -For lifting by grabhooks to determine the ability of the case or unitized load to withstand the horizontal pressures of grabhooks (see 10.2). 1.1.6 Sling Test -For lifting by wire rope, cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of the case or unitized load to withstand the compression of slings (see 10.3). 1.1.7 Tip Test -For determining the ability of tall or top heavy cases or crates to resist tipping over (see Section 11). 1.1.8 Tipover Test -For determining the ability of filled large shipping containers to resist the impacts associated with tipover hazards, and for determining the ability of the packaging and packing methods to provide protection to the contents, when the pack is tipped over (see Section 12). Note 1-This test method fulfills the requirements of International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 8768. The ISO standard may not meet the requirements for this test method.> 1.1.9 Rolling Test -For determining the ability of a complete, filled transport package to withstand the effects of rolling (see Section 13). Note 2-This test method fulfills the requirements of International Organization for Standardization standard ISO 2876. The ISO standard may not meet the requirements for this test method.> 1.2 Additional Test Procedures: 1.2.1 Additional tests that apply to mechanical handling of unitized loads and large cases and crates include incline impact tests, described in Test Method D880 and horizontal impact tests, described in Test Method D4003. Test Method D4003 includes a special pallet marshalling test and Test Method D1185 provides test methods for pallets and related structures. 1.2.2 Test Method D4169 provides a series of options for selecting and running performance tests on all types of shipping containers and systems. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 Compressive resistance is one of the properties used to evaluate the ability of shipping containers, components, and unit loads to successfully survive the compressive forces they are subjected to during storage and distribution (see Note 1).NOTE 1: For constant load test refer to Test Method D4577.4.2 Compressive resistance may be determined with either fixed- or swiveled-platen-type testing machines. However, a fixed-head compression machine is required to perform edge-to-edge and corner-to-corner orientations on test specimens (see Note 2). Also, unit loads are generally tested only in the top-to-bottom orientation.NOTE 2: Fixed-platen machines generally cause corrugated box specimens to fail at their strongest point, while swivel-platen machines cause corrugated box specimens to fail at their weakest point.5 The swiveled platen is allowed to move to the weakest point of the container.1.1 This test method covers compression tests on shipping containers (for example, boxes and drums) or components, or both. Shipping containers may be tested with or without contents. The procedure may be used for measuring the ability of the container to resist external compressive loads applied to its faces, to diagonally opposite edges, or to corners. This test method covers testing of multiple containers or unit loads, in addition to individual shipping containers, components, materials, or combination thereof.1.2 The test method of applying load may be used to compare the characteristics of a given design of container with a standard, or to compare the characteristics of containers differing in construction.1.3 This test method is related to TAPPI T 804. This test method fulfills the requirements of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Test Method 12048. The ISO standards may not meet the requirements for this test method.1.4 The test may be conducted with the container loaded with contents and interior packaging in cases where the contents share the load.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice provides one means for determining the aeroplane structural loads for either dual floats or single hulls when taxiing on, taking off from, or landing on water. This practice satisfies the water loads requirements set forth in the Design Loads and Conditions Specification for Normal Category Aeroplanes.1.1 This practice provides equations for calculating water loads for aeroplane dual floats and single hulls. The material was developed through open consensus of international experts in general aviation. This information was created by focusing on Level 1, 2, 3, and 4 Normal Category aeroplanes. The content may be more broadly applicable; it is the responsibility of the Applicant to substantiate broader applicability as a specific means of compliance.1.2 An applicant intended to propose this information as Means of Compliance for a design approval must seek guidance from their respective oversight authority (for example, published guidance from applicable CAAs) concerning the acceptable use and application thereof. For information on which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements (hereinafter “the Rules”), refer to ASTM Committee F44 web page (www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm).1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车