5.1 Walking speed CFME is used to measure skid resistance on pavements/sidewalks, roads, repaired pavements, horizontal pavement markings, helidecks, and other trafficked surfaces.5.2 Walking speed CFME is designed for low-speed surface friction surveys.5.3 Walking speed CFME does not require acceleration or deceleration areas. Friction surveys begin from a standing or rolling start.5.4 Walking speed CFME can work in very close proximity to people and obstacles.5.5 The Specification E1844 measure tire is a smooth tire that is mounted on walking speed CFME. A new ASTM tire standard is required for alternate tires designed for use on walking speed CFME. ASTM tire standards shall be entered in the referenced documents section of this standard.5.6 Walking speed CFME can be specialized to operate in specific areas, such as helidecks, with a specialized software application for a specific surface area. See Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Software Program for Helidecks5.7 The field calibration/field test equipment, if required, should be contained within a transport case, readily available for field use. See Fig. 2.FIG. 2 Transport Case with Pull Handle and Wheels1.1 This test method is used to measure skid resistance on a wide range of trafficked surfaces and for a wide variety of circumstances using a walking speed continuous friction-measuring equipment (CFME) fixed-slip measuring equipment. The fixed-slip ratio is typically 12 to 20 % but may vary between CFME manufacturers.1.2 Walking speed CFME enables surface friction surveys to be conducted where high-speed CFME is not able to measure because of safety reasons or due to limited operating space. Walking speed CFME is battery operated and pushed forward at a normal walking pace by the operator.1.3 Walking speed CFME enables friction surveys to be undertaken over short lengths with precise survey lines such as friction (Mu) values for every 100 mm along a survey line.1.4 Friction surveys can be conducted on dry surfaces, wet surfaces, contaminated surfaces, or with a self-wetting feature.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method (also known as overhung tube method) may be used for material development, material comparison, material screening, material down selection, and quality assurance. This test method is not recommended for material characterization, design data generation, material model verification/validation, or combinations thereof.5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional (1D, 2D, and 3D) reinforcements in a fine-grain-sized (<50 µm) ceramic matrix with controlled porosity. Often these composites have an engineered thin (0.1 to 10 µm) interface coating on the fibers to produce crack deflection and fiber pull-out.5.3 CFCC components have a distinctive and synergistic combination of material properties, interface coatings, porosity control, composite architecture (1D, 2D, and 3D), and geometric shape that are generally inseparable. Prediction of the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with braid and 3D weave architectures) cannot be made by applying measured properties from flat CFCC plates to the design of tubes. In particular, tubular components comprised of CMCs material form a unique synergistic combination of material and geometric shape that are generally inseparable. In other words, prediction of mechanical performance of CMC tubes generally cannot be made by using properties measured from flat plates. Strength tests of internally pressurized CMC tubes provide information on mechanical behavior and strength for a multiaxially stressed material.5.4 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CMCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, while the volume of material subjected to a uniform hoop tensile stress for a single uniformly pressurized tube test may be a significant factor for determining matrix cracking stress, this same volume may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strength of a CMC. However, the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CMCs requires a statistically significant number of test specimens for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CMCs have not been completed. It should be noted that hoop tensile strengths obtained using different recommended test specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume effects.5.5 Hoop tensile strength tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under biaxial stresses induced from internal pressurization of tubes. Nonuniform stress states are inherent in these types of tests and subsequent evaluation of any nonlinear stress-strain behavior must take into account the unsymmetric behavior of the CMC under biaxial stressing. This nonlinear behavior may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.5.6 The results of hoop tensile strength tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.5.7 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tubular hoop tensile strength test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for, given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.5.8 The hoop tensile stress behavior and strength of a CMC are dependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, or damage accumulation processes, or both. Analysis of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hoop tensile strength including stress-strain response of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic tubes subjected to an internal pressure produced by the expansion of an elastomeric insert undergoing monotonic uniaxial loading at ambient temperature. This type of test configuration is sometimes referred to as an overhung tube. This test method is specific to tube geometries because flaw populations, fiber architecture, and specimen geometry factors are often distinctly different in composite tubes, as compared to flat plates.1.2 In the test method a composite tube/cylinder with a defined gage section and a known wall thickness is loaded via internal pressurization from the radial expansion of an elastomeric insert (located midway inside the tube) that is longitudinally compressed from either end by pushrods. The elastomeric insert expands under the uniaxial compressive loading of the pushrods and exerts a uniform radial pressure on the inside of the tube. The resulting hoop stress-strain response of the composite tube is recorded until failure of the tube. The hoop tensile strength and the hoop fracture strength are determined from the resulting maximum pressure and the pressure at fracture, respectively. The hoop tensile strains, the hoop proportional limit stress, and the modulus of elasticity in the hoop direction are determined from the stress-strain data. Note that hoop tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength in the hoop direction from the induced pressure of a monotonic, uniaxially loaded elastomeric insert, where “monotonic” refers to a continuous, nonstop test rate without reversals from test initiation to final fracture.1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bidirectional (2D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tridirectional (3D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic matrix composites can be composed of a wide range of ceramic fibers (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other compositions) in a wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramic matrix compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite, and other compositions).1.4 This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.5 The test method is applicable to a range of test specimen tube geometries based on a non-dimensional parameter that includes composite material property and tube radius. Lengths of the composite tube, pushrods, and elastomeric insert are determined from this non-dimensional parameter so as to provide a gage length with uniform internal radial pressure. A wide range of combinations of material properties, tube radii, wall thicknesses, tube lengths, and insert lengths are possible.1.5.1 This test method is specific to ambient temperature testing. Elevated temperature testing requires high-temperature furnaces and heating devices with temperature control and measurement systems and temperature-capable grips and loading fixtures, which are not addressed in this test standard.1.6 This test method addresses tubular test specimen geometries, test specimen methods, testing rates (force rate, induced pressure rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), and data collection and reporting procedures in the following sections.  Section 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4 5Interferences 6Apparatus 7Hazards 8Test Specimens 9Test Procedure 10Calculation of Results 11Report 12Precision and Bias 13Keywords 14Appendixes  Verification of Load Train Alignment Appendix X1Stress Factors for Calculation of Maximum Hoop Stress Appendix X2Axial Force to Internal Pressure Appendix X31.7 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) (IEEE/ASTM SI 10).1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8 and Note 1.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.4.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites generally characterized by fine grain-sized (<50 μm) matrices and ceramic fiber reinforcements are candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and high-temperature inherent damage tolerance (that is, toughness). In addition, continuous fiber-reinforced glass (amorphous) matrix composites are candidate materials for similar but possibly less demanding applications. Although flexural test methods are commonly used to evaluate strengths of monolithic advanced ceramics, the nonuniform stress distribution of the flexure specimen in addition to dissimilar mechanical behavior in tension and compression for CFCCs lead to ambiguity of interpretation of strength results obtained from flexure tests for CFCCs. Uniaxially loaded tensile strength tests provide information on mechanical behavior and strength for a uniformly stressed material.4.3 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics which fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CFCCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, the volume of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strengths of CFCCs. However, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CFCCs, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CFCCs have not been completed. It should be noted that tensile strengths obtained using different recommended tensile specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume differences.4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber debonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.4.5 The results of tensile tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire, full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.4.6 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tensile test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for, given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.4.7 The tensile behavior and strength of a CFCC are dependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, or damage accumulation processes, or both. Analysis of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended.1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile behavior including tensile strength and stress-strain response under monotonic uniaxial loading of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramics at ambient temperature. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading where monotonic refers to a continuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from test initiation to final fracture.1.2 This test method applies primarily to all advanced ceramic matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D), bidirectional (2D), and tridirectional (3D). In addition, this test method may also be used with glass (amorphous) matrix composites with 1D, 2D, and 3D continuous fiber reinforcement. This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7 and 8.2.5.2.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is useful for determining the specific surface area of catalysts and catalyst carriers for material specifications, manufacturing control, and research and development in the evaluation of catalysts.1.1 This test method covers the single-point determination of the surface area of catalysts and catalyst carriers that exhibit Type II or Type IV nitrogen adsorption isotherms using a nitrogen-helium flowing gas mixture. This test method is applicable for the determination of total surface areas from 0.1 to 300 m2, where rapid surface area determinations are desired.1.2 Because the single-point method uses an approximation of the BET equation, the multipoint BET method (Test Method D3663) is preferred to the single-point method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers commercial multiple-tank dishwashing machines of the continuous type, oval shaped, with horizontal table conveyor systems. According to direction of rotation, the dishwashing machines can be classified into two types: Type I-CW (clockwise) rotation is designed and supplied to accept the feeding of soiled tableware from the right side, when viewed from above and Type II-CCW (counterclockwise) rotation is designed and supplied to accept the feeding of soiled tableware from the left side, when viewed from above. These dishwashing machines can also be classified into three styles: Style 1 is a steam heated machine, with two classes namely Class A which uses injectors and Class B which uses heat exchange coils. Style 2 is an electrically heated dishwashing machine. Style 3 on the other hand is gas heated with two classes namely Class C which uses natural gas and Class D which uses LP gas. Furthermore, four types of arrangements for these machines can be made: Arrangement A is with tray rail and table-mounted garbage disposal machine; Arrangement B is with food waste trough instead of tray rail and garbage disposal machine in center of trough; Arrangement C is the same as Arrangement A, except disposal unit is not available; and Arrangement D is the same as Arrangement B, except that there is no disposal unit. Materials used in the manufacture of these machines shall consist of corrosion-resistant steel, corrosion resisting material, nickel-copper alloy and plastics. These materials used shall be free from defects that would affect the performance or maintainability of individual components of the overall assembly. The dishwashing machine shall be complete so that when connected to the specified source of power, water supply, heating means (steam or electric) and drainage, detergent and rinse agent feeder as applicable, the unit can be used for its intended function. Dishwashers shall be quiet in operation, free from objectionable splashing of water to the outside of the machine. Operational test, leakage test, and performance profiles shall be done in order to determine the overall efficiency of the dishwashing machine.1.1 This specification covers commercial multiple-tank dishwashing machines of the continuous type, oval shaped, with horizontal table conveyor systems.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to Section 12, Test Methods, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

6.1 The objective of this practice is to standardize the evaluation method for assessing the hemolytic effect of a blood pump used in extracorporeal circulation and/or circulatory assistance. By comparing the hemolysis results between a subject device and a comparator device through paired testing, a relative evaluation of hemolysis for the subject device can be made.1.1 This practice covers a protocol for the assessment of the hemolytic properties of continuous, intermittent, and pulsatile flow blood pumps used in circulatory assist, including extracorporeal, percutaneous, and implantable devices. An assessment is made based on the pump's effects on the erythrocytes over a certain period of time. Adopting current practices for this assessment, a 6-hour in vitro test is performed on a pump placed in a device-specific recirculating blood loop that mimics the pressure and flow conditions of the expected worst-case clinical use of the device. If the ultimate goal of the testing is to evaluate the blood damage potential of a pump for clinical use, it is suggested that paired testing between the subject blood pump and a legally marketed comparator device be conducted using the same blood pool in a matched blood test loop so that a relative hemolysis comparison can be made.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification establishes requirements for continuously cast rod, bar, tube, and shapes produced from copper alloys with nominal compositions. Castings produced to this specification may be manufactured for and supplied from stock. Mechanical tests are required only when specified by the purchaser in the purchase order. Continuous castings shall not be mechanically repaired, plugged, or burned in. Weld repairs may be made at the manufacturer's discretion. For sampling purposes, a lot shall consist of castings of the same composition and same cross-sectional dimensions, produced during the continuous operation of one casting machine, and submitted for inspection at one time unless specified otherwise. The specimen shall be comprised of the following major elements: copper, tin, lead, zinc, iron, aluminum, manganese, and nickel including cobalt. Residual elements may be present in cast copper-base alloys. The fractured bars shall be retained for chemical verification. Both the Brinell hardness reading and Rockwell hardness reading shall be taken on the grip end of the tension test bar. At the request of the purchaser castings shall be marked with the alloy number.1.1 This specification covers requirements for continuously cast rod, bar, tube, and shapes produced from copper alloys with nominal compositions as listed in Table 1.21.2 Castings produced to this specification may be manufactured for and supplied from stock. In such cases the manufacturer shall maintain heat traceability to specific manufacturing date and chemical analysis.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The properties determined by these test methods are of value in material specifications, qualifications, data base generation, certification, research, and development.5.2 These test methods are intended for the testing of fibers that have been specifically developed for use as reinforcing agents in advanced composite structures. The test results of an impregnated and consolidated fiber should be representative of the strength and modulus that are available in the material when used as intended. The performance of fibers in different resin systems can vary significantly so that correlations between results using these test methods and composite testing may not always be obtained.5.3 The reproducibility of test results is dependent upon precise control over all test conditions. Resin type, content and distribution, curing process, filament alignment, gripping in the testing machine, and alignment in the testing machine are of special importance.5.4 The measured strengths of fibers are not unique quantities and test results are strongly dependent on the test methods used. Therefore the test method described here will not necessarily give the same mean strengths or standard deviations as those obtained from single filaments, dry fibers, composite laminas, or composite laminates.1.1 These test methods cover the preparation and tensile testing of resin-impregnated and consolidated test specimens made from continuous filament carbon and graphite yarns, rovings, and tows to determine their tensile properties.1.2 These test methods also cover the determination of the density and mass per unit length of the yarn, roving, or tow to provide supplementary data for tensile property calculation.1.3 These test methods include a procedure for sizing removal to provide the preferred desized fiber samples for density measurement. This procedure may also be used to determine the weight percent sizing.1.4 These test methods include a procedure for determining the weight percent moisture adsorption of carbon or graphite fiber.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Characterizing tack for different prepreg materials, test parameters, surface combinations, and environmental conditions provides insight for optimizing process parameters (particularly deposition rate and deposition temperature) for industrial automated material placement processes.5.2 Results obtained through employing the continuous application-and-peel method, as described in studies (1-3),3 reflect the effects of adhesion forming between prepreg layers or between prepreg and metal substrate, and loss of cohesion within the resin in the prepreg, upon tack. This test method allows the adhesive properties of B-staged resin to be explored in a manner relevant for dynamic material deposition processes, where timescales for bonding of prepreg to the substrate or previously placed prepreg layers are short prior to curing. In contrast, Test Methods D3167 and D1781 determine the peel resistance of adhesive bonds for adhesion measurement and process control of laminated or bonded adherends.5.3 The test method is suitable to quantify tack of prepregs for acceptance and process control and can be extended to determine resin shelf life or to adjust process parameters to resin out-time. Direct comparison of different resins/prepreg or processes can only be made when specimen preparation and test conditions are identical.1.1 This test method covers measurement of adhesion (tack) between partially cured (B-staged) composite prepreg and a substrate in a peel test, under specified conditions. The test may be conducted to measure tack between a flexible layer of prepreg and another prepreg layer bonded to a rigid substrate (Method I) or a rigid metal substrate (Method II). This test method is primarily geared towards material characterization for automated material layup but can be modified for use with other processes. It is well known that material tack is a function of multiple processing and environmental variables. Permissible composite prepreg materials include carbon, glass, and aramid fibers within a B-staged thermoset resin.1.2 Measured tack is specified in terms of a peel force at a given specimen width.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and damage tolerance at high temperatures.5.2 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.5.3 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.5.4 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperature. The test methods addressed are (1) the compression of a double-notched test specimen to determine interlaminar shear strength, and (2) the Iosipescu test method to determine the shear strength in any one of the material planes of laminated composites. Test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (load or displacement control), testing rates (load rate or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.1.2 This test method is used for testing advanced ceramic or glass matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement having unidirectional (1D) or bidirectional (2D) fiber architecture. This test method does not address composites with 3D fiber architecture or discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.1 and 8.2.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

The coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, is the property of a pavement marking system that provides a measure of the retroreflective efficiency of the marking and depends on factors such as the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.Under identical conditions of headlight illumination and driver's viewing, larger values of RL correspond to higher levels of visibility at corresponding geometry.The pavement marking's measured retroreflective efficiency in conditions of continuous wetting may be used to characterize the properties of the marking on the road as water is continuously falling on it. The retroreflective efficiency of the marking in conditions of continuous wetting may be different than in dry, wet or damp conditions.This test method may produce measurements of RL-Rain for pavement marking systems that do not correlate to nighttime visibility distance during typical rain events. The rainfall intensity simulated by this test method is significantly greater than most ordinary or even heavy rainfall events. As a result, the test specimen, unless it has vertical features exceeding3 mm, becomes flooded. Optics with an index of refraction less than 2.0 are practically ineffective when immersed in water. Thus, the test method is of limited applicability for assessing the wet retroreflective properties of pavement marking systems having vertical features less than 3 mm or optics having an index of refraction less than 2.0.Retroreflectivity of pavement (road) markings degrades with traffic wear and requires periodic measurement to ensure that sufficient line visibility is provided to drivers.Newly installed pavement markings may have a natural surface tension or release agents which prevent wetting of the marking by rain/water. This phenomenon produces unreliable and unrepeatable results when measuring retroreflective efficiency under wet conditions. This non-wetting phenomenon is generally eliminated after one month of wear and weathering on the road. A wetting agent can be used to estimate the RL-Rain properties of new markings (see 5.4).Roadway characteristics such as longitudinal slope, cross slope and pavement porosity will impact the results of this test method.1.1 This test method covers a measurement of the wet retroreflective (RL-Rain) properties of horizontal pavement marking materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols.1.2 This method of measuring wet retroreflective properties (RL) of pavement markings utilizes a method of continuously wetting the marking during measurement (see Fig. 1).Note 1—Test Method E 2177 may be used to describe the retroreflective properties of pavement markings in conditions of wetness after a period of rain.1.3 This test method is most suitable for laboratory use under controlled conditions, but may also be used for field measurements when the necessary controls and precautions are followed.1.4 This test method specifies the use of reflectometers that can measure pavement markings per Test Method E 1710. The entrance and observation angles required of the retroreflectometer in this test method are commonly referred to as “30 meter geometry.”1.5 This test method has been shown to produce reasonable results for pavement marking systems with optics having an index of refraction greater than 2.0 and structured markings having vertical structures greater than or equal to 3 mm. Users should exercise caution when using this test method for pavement marking systems with optics having an index of refraction less than 2.0 or markings having vertical structures less than 3 mm.1.6 Results obtained using this test method should not be the sole basis for specifying and assessing the wet retroreflective effectiveness of pavement marking systems. Users should complement the results of this test method with other evaluation results, such as nighttime visual inspections.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Note 2—An alternative test method designed to better represent the retroreflective efficiency of pavement marking systems under typical rain events is under development.FIG. 1 Illustration of Measurement

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4.1 The mechanical properties determined from test bars for sand, permanent mold, and centrifugal castings poured in accordance with this practice represent the properties of the metal going into castings poured from the same heat. These mechanical properties may not be the same as the properties of the corresponding castings because of the solidification effects of varying size, section, and design.4.2 Test bars for continuous castings are taken from the castings and therefore represent the properties of the castings.1.1 This practice establishes procedures for preparing test coupons and specimens (machined and unmachined) for tension tests of copper alloys for sand, permanent mold, centrifugal and continuous castings.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method (also known as “tube burst test”) may be used for material development, material comparison, material screening, material down selection, and quality assurance. This test method can also be used for material characterization, design data generation, material model verification/validation, or combinations thereof.5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional (1D, 2D, and 3D) reinforcements in a fine grain-sized (50 µm) ceramic matrix with controlled porosity. Often these composites have an engineered thin (0.1 to 10 µm) interface coating on the fibers to produce crack deflection and fiber pull-out.5.3 CFCC components have distinctive and synergistic combinations of material properties, interface coatings, porosity control, composite architecture (1D, 2D, and 3D), and geometric shapes that are generally inseparable. Prediction of the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with braid and 3D weave architectures) may not be possible by applying measured properties from flat CFCC plates to the design of tubes. This is because fabrication/processing methods may be unique to tubes and not replicable to flat plates, thereby producing compositionally similar but structurally and morphologically different CFCC materials. In particular, tubular components comprised of CFCC material form a unique synergistic combination of material, geometric shape, and reinforcement architecture that are generally inseparable. In other words, prediction of mechanical performance of CFCC tubes generally cannot be made by using properties measured from flat plates. Strength tests of internally pressurized CFCC tubes provide information on mechanical behavior and strength for a multiaxially stressed material.5.4 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics that fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CMCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. Therefore, while the volume of material subjected to a uniform hoop tensile stress for a single uniformly pressurized tube test may be a significant factor for determining matrix cracking stress, this same volume may not be as significant a factor in determining the ultimate strength of a CMC. However, the probabilistic nature of the strength distributions of the brittle matrices of CMCs requires a statistically significant number of test specimens for statistical analysis and design. Studies to determine the exact influence of test specimen volume on strength distributions for CMCs have not been completed. It should be noted that hoop tensile strengths obtained using different recommended test specimens with different volumes of material in the gage sections may be different due to these volume effects.5.5 Hoop tensile strength tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under stresses induced from internal pressurization of tubes. Nonuniform stress states may be inherent in these types of tests and subsequent evaluation of any nonlinear stress-strain behavior must take into account the asymmetric behavior of the CMC under multiaxial stressing. This nonlinear behavior may develop as the result of cumulative damage processes (for example, matrix cracking, matrix/fiber de-bonding, fiber fracture, delamination, etc.) which may be influenced by testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. Some of these effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth that can be minimized by testing at sufficiently rapid rates as outlined in this test method.5.6 The results of hoop tensile strength tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions of a part, or both, may not totally represent the strength and deformation properties of the entire full-size end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.5.7 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized tubular hoop tensile strength test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for, given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.5.8 The hoop tensile stress behavior and strength of a CMC are dependent on its inherent resistance to fracture, the presence of flaws, or damage accumulation processes, or both. Analysis of fracture surfaces and fractography, though beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hoop tensile strength, including stress-strain response, of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic tubes subjected to direct internal pressurization that is applied monotonically at ambient temperature. This type of test configuration is sometimes referred to as “tube burst test.” This test method is specific to tube geometries, because flaw populations, fiber architecture, material fabrication, and test specimen geometry factors are often distinctly different in composite tubes, as compared to flat plates.1.2 In the test method, a composite tube/cylinder with a defined gage section and a known wall thickness is loaded via internal pressurization from a pressurized fluid applied either directly to the material or through a secondary bladder inserted into the tube. The monotonically applied uniform radial pressure on the inside of the tube results in hoop stress-strain response of the composite tube that is recorded until failure of the tube. The hoop tensile strength and the hoop fracture strength are determined from the resulting maximum pressure and the pressure at fracture, respectively. The hoop tensile strains, the hoop proportional limit stress, and the modulus of elasticity in the hoop direction are determined from the stress-strain data. Note that hoop tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength in the hoop direction from the introduction of a monotonically applied internal pressure where ‘monotonic’ refers to a continuous nonstop test rate without reversals from test initiation to final fracture.1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bidirectional (2D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tridirectional (3D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic matrix composites can be composed of a wide range of ceramic fibers (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other compositions) in a wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramic matrix compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite, and other compositions).1.4 This test method does not directly address discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics, although the test methods detailed here may be equally applicable to these composites.1.5 The test method is applicable to a range of test specimen tube geometries based on the intended application that includes composite material property and tube radius. Lengths of the composite tube, length of the pressurized section, and length of tube overhang are determined so as to provide a gage length with uniform internal radial pressure. A wide range of combinations of material properties, tube radii, wall thicknesses, tube lengths, and lengths of pressurized section are possible.1.5.1 This test method is specific to ambient temperature testing. Elevated temperature testing requires high-temperature furnaces and heating devices with temperature control and measurement systems and temperature-capable pressurization methods which are not addressed in this test method.1.6 This test method addresses tubular test specimen geometries, test specimen preparation methods, testing rates (that is, induced pressure rate), and data collection and reporting procedures in the following sections:           Section 1          Referenced Documents Section 2          Terminology Section 3          Summary of Test Method Section 4           Section 5          Interferences Section 6          Apparatus Section 7          Hazards Section 8          Test Specimens Section 9          Test Procedure Section 10          Calculation of Results Section 11          Report Section 12          Precision and Bias Section 13          Keywords Section 14          Appendix            References  1.7 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Bacteria that exist in a biofilm are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. The study of biofilm in the laboratory requires protocols that account for this difference. Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. The purpose of this method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of biofilms by clearly defining each system parameter. This method will enable a person to grow, sample, and analyze a laboratory biofilm. The method was originally developed to study toilet bowl biofilms, but may also be utilized for research that requires a biofilm grown under moderate fluid shear.1.1 This test method is used for growing a reproducible (1)2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) under medium shear conditions. In addition, the test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells.1.2 Although this test method was created to mimic conditions within a toilet bowl, it can be adapted for the growth and characterization of varying species of biofilm (rotating disk reactor—repeatability and relevance (2)).1.3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area (rotating disk reactor—efficacy test method (3)).1.4 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard defines measurement procedures for estimating the risk of noise-induced hearing loss among users of noise producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and mobile, transportable, and stationary equipment. The primary approach is to separately measure the sound level at operator ear locations for each normal operating condition. These levels can be combined with operational use scenarios and exposure criteria to define noise exposure severity. The data can also be used to define hearing protection requirements or administrative controls to preclude hearing hazards.5.2 The practice has the following limitations:5.2.1 The practice uses field portable measurement equipment.5.2.2 The practice produces data which may be compared with applicable criteria or limits if the limits are in terms of the quantities measured in this standard or which can be calculated from the measured data.1.1 This standard defines noise measurement procedures for estimating the risk of hearing loss among users of noise producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, and other mobile, transportable, or stationary equipment.1.2 This standard does not recommend noise exposure limit levels or criteria for any application discussed.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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