This specification covers carbon steel overboard discharge hull penetrations for system piping. Penetrations shall be classified as follows: Type I; Type II (Class 1 and Class 2); Type III (Class 1 and Class 2); and Type IV (Classes 1, 2, and 3). Doubler and insert plates shall be of material with physical properties equal to or better than the reinforced shell plate. Overboard discharges shall be combined to the maximum extent practicable to minimize the number of shell penetrations. Overboard discharges shall be located to minimize recirculation into suction seachests. Shell penetrations shall be located outside of cathodic protection areas. Penetration pipe extension past the shell plate shall be equal to the pipe wall thickness. 1.1 This specification covers carbon steel overboard discharge hull penetrations for system piping of NPS 1 through NPS 24 (see Note 1). Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such TRADITIONAL terms as nominal diameter, size, and nominal size. 1.2 The minimum pipe schedule and reinforcement dimensions presented in Tables 1-6 are based on specifications in 46 CFR, 56.50-95, and Navy Design Data Sheet 100-1. 1.3 This specification does not include sea chest penetrations. 1.4 This specification does not include penetrations in protective plating. 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method establishes the requirements for a standardized method of evaluating the performance of crimped-type electrical connections having solid or stranded conductors.5.2 In order to achieve a successful crimped connection, the crimping tool must deform the material of the crimp barrel or barrel tab(s) around the conductor. As a consequence, the conductor surfaces are placed under compression by the crimp terminal and areas of contact are established between the conductor and the crimp barrel. These areas provide the desired electrical connection. A reliable crimped connection is one that is capable of maintaining the contact between the conductor and crimp barrel so that a stable electrical connection is maintained when it is exposed to the conditions it was designed to endure during its useful life.5.3 Evaluation testing is designed to ensure that a particular design crimped connection system consisting of conductor and component and associated tooling is capable of achieving a reliable electrical and mechanical connection. After the evaluation is completed, if any change in the system parts is made, the system should be reevaluated using the same procedures.5.4 After completion of the evaluation test, the tensile pull strength results may be used to develop acceptance requirements to be used in inspection of subsequent production lots of crimped connections. An example of such an acceptance requirement is shown in Appendix X1.5.5 The aging test, 33 days exposure at 118°C, has been used in the telecommunications industry to simulate 40 years of service at a moderately elevated temperature of 50°C, an environment that components experience within large banks of telephone equipment. This environment is similar to that seen in a wide range of electronic systems operating indoors containing active components that dissipate power. The test is designed to reproduce the stress relaxation of copper alloys in such service and has been used extensively in evaluating wire wrap connections. It also accelerates other thermally activated processes such as oxidation although their acceleration factors may be different from that of copper stress relaxation.5.6 The aging test accelerates stress relaxation processes and other thermally activated processes but does not address some other possible hazards such as corrosion. Additional testing may be appropriate if the intended service environment presents such hazards.1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for a standardized method of evaluating the quality of crimped-type electrical connections to solid or stranded conductors. This test method applies to 16-gauge and smaller diameter copper wire, coated or uncoated.1.2 This test method is applicable to connection systems intended for indoor use, or for use in environmentally protected enclosures. Additional testing may be required to assure satisfactory performance in applications where high humidity or corrosive environment, or both, may be present.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice lists commonly used types of branch connections for carbon steel, chromium-molybdenum steel pipe and copper-nickel alloy tubing. The branch to run size applications are presented in details. The weld joint designs, fabricated branch connections and threaded fittings shall meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This practice lists commonly used types of branch connections for carbon steel, chromium-molybdenum steel pipe and copper-nickel alloy tubing. Branch to run size applications are given in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3. Other types of branch connections (Fig. 1) may be used provided they comply with the requirements of Title 46 CFR Subparts 56.07-10(f) and 56.70-15(g) of the USCG Regulations.FIG. 1 Illustrative Legend for Branch Connections1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method helps to assess the axial locking force of a modular taper. Some types of devices that may utilize this type of connection are the modular shoulder and modular hip prostheses. Additional means of evaluating the locking mechanisms of tapers may be appropriate, depending upon the design of the device.4.2 This test method may not be appropriate for all implant applications. The user is cautioned to consider the appropriateness of the practice in view of the materials and design being tested and their potential application.4.3 While this test method may be used to measure the force required to disengage tapers, any comparison of such data for various component designs must take into consideration the size of the implant and the type of locking mechanism evaluated.1.1 This test method establishes a standard methodology for determining the force required, under laboratory conditions, to disassemble tapers of implants that are otherwise not intended to release. Some examples are the femoral components of a total or partial hip replacement or shoulder in which the head and base component are secured together by a self-locking taper.1.2 This test method has been developed primarily for evaluation of metal and ceramic head designs on metal tapers but may have application to other materials and designs.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers the pipe materials and dimensions for producing non-reinforced extruded tee connections manufactured by mechanical forming processes. The term “extruded tee connection” applies to butt-weld or socket-weld connections. The non-reinforced extruded pipe tee connection is an alternative to the tee fittings, nozzle, and other welded connections. The non-reinforced extruded pipe tee connection has been widely used for systems in the marine, process piping, food, pharmaceutical, and similar industries. Different materials that have acceptable forming qualities to produce extruded tee connections shall consist of copper, copper-nickel alloy, titanium, steel, and stainless steel. The extruded tee connection shall be free from burrs and cracks, which would affect the suitability for the intended service.1.1 This specification covers the pipe materials and dimensions for producing non-reinforced extruded tee connections manufactured by mechanical forming processes. The term “extruded tee connection” applies to butt-weld or socket-weld connections. This specification refers to the forming process that leads to welding or brazing.1.2 The non-reinforced extruded pipe tee connection is an alternative to the tee fittings, nozzle, and other welded connections.1.3 The non-reinforced extruded pipe tee connection has been widely used for systems in the marine, process piping, food, pharmaceutical, and similar industries.1.4 The extruded tee connection will be welded in accordance with Specification F722. Brazing of tee connections will be in accordance with ASME B31.5.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers the design and manufacture of international shore connections to be used with marine fire fighting systems during an emergency when a stricken ship has a system failure. International shore connections are portable universal couplings that permit connection of shipboard fire main systems between one ship and another or between a shore facility and a ship when their respective system threading is mismatched. Both the ship and the facility are expected to have a fitting such that in an emergency can be attached to their respective fire hose and bolted together to permit charging the ship's system. It must be portable to accommodate hose to hose connection and allow assistance from any position. The international shore connection may be machined from forgings, castings, plate or bar stock, or may be fabricated out of more than one piece. The material shall be brass, bronze, or other suitable corrosion-resistant material. When fabricated out of more than one piece, the flange may be steel and the coupling a corrosion-resistant material. Nuts, bolts, and washers shall be a corrosion-resistant material.1.1 This specification covers the design and manufacture of international shore connections to be used with marine fire fighting systems during an emergency when a stricken ship has a system failure.1.2 International shore connections are portable universal couplings that permit connection of shipboard firemain systems between one ship and another or between a shore facility and a ship when their respective system threading is mismatched. Both the ship and the facility are expected to have a fitting such that in an emergency can be attached to their respective fire hose and bolted together to permit charging the ship's system. It must be portable to accommodate hose to hose connection and allow assistance from any position.1.3 The international shore connection is required by international treaty2,3 to be carried onboard all passenger and cargo vessels of 500 gross tons or more, regardless of firemain size, engaged in international voyages, and is recommended for all vessels that would be expected to render assistance. It is also intended to be provided at shore facilities that would be used to supply water to a ship’s firemain system.1.4 Fabrication either on board a vessel, in a shipyard, or other shore facility is not precluded by this specification.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.1.1 This specification covers the format conversion procedure for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.1.3 Guidance for users considering test-based derivation of reference resistance is provided in Appendix X2.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice provides a standard procedure for reporting data and results of structural tests used for building constructions, elements, corrections, and assemblies. It enumerates and discusses the report sections required to report data from test methods and practices. The written reports will describe the products tested, method of testing, and results.1.1 This practice covers general use in reporting structural performance tests of building constructions, elements, connections, and assemblies. A comprehensive report describing the conditions under which the structural data were recorded will enable other workers to reproduce the test methods and, as nearly as possible, the results for each material or assembly, and to reconcile differences that might be found in tests by others.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This specification covers steel self-drilling and self-piercing tapping screws for the connection of cold-formed steel members manufactured. This specification also covers test methods for determining performance requirements such as dimension, and total case depth; and physical properties such as hardness, ductility, torsional strength, drill drive performance, and self-drilling tapping screw drill capacity.1.1 This specification covers steel self-drilling and self-piercing tapping screws for the connection of cold-formed steel members manufactured in accordance with Specifications C645 and C955. This specification also covers test methods for determining performance requirements and physical properties.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials, dimensions, workmanship, markings for factory manufactured multilayer flexible steel pipe with thermoplastic inner and outer layers and end connections (Fig. 1). It covers nominal sizes 2 in. through 8 in. (50 mm through 200 mm). Flexible steel pipes are multilayered pipe products manufactured in long continuous lengths and reeled for storage, transport and installation. The multilayer thermoplastic and flexible steel pipe governed by this standard are intended for use for the transport of crude oil, natural gas, hazardous chemicals, industrial chemicals and water.2FIG. 1 Cutaway of Flexible Steel Pipe1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The principal underlying the test is the sensitivity of the electrical contact interface to temperature and humidity cycling that electrical pressure connection systems experience as a result of usage and installation environment. The temperature cycling may cause micromotion at the mating electrical contact surfaces which can expose fresh metal to the local ambient atmosphere. The humidity exposure is known to facilitate corrosion on freshly exposed metal surfaces. Thus, for those connection systems that do not maintain stable metal-to-metal contact surfaces under the condition of thermal cycling and humidity exposure, repeated sequences of these exposures lead to degradation of the contacting surface indicated by potential drop increase.5.2 The test is of short duration relative to the expected life of connections in residential usage. Stability of connection resistance implies resistance to deterioration due to environmental conditions encountered in residential service. Increasing connection resistance as a result of the test exposure indicates deterioration of electrical contact interfaces. Assurance of long term reliability and safety of connection types that deteriorate requires further evaluation for specific specified environments and applications.5.3 Use—It is recommended that this test method be used in one of two ways. First, it may be used to evaluate and report the performance of a particular connection system. For such use, it is appropriate to report the results in a summary (or tabular) format such as shown in Section 17, together with the statement “The results shown in the summary (or table) were obtained for (insert description of connection) when tested in accordance with Test Method B812. Second, it may be used as the basis for specification of acceptability of product. For this use, the minimum test time and the maximum allowable increase in potential drop must be established by the specifier. Specification of connection systems in accordance with this use of the standard test method would be of the form: “The maximum potential drop increase for any connection, when tested in accordance with Test Method B812 for a period of weeks, shall be mV relative to the reference connections.” Connection systems that are most resistant to thermal-cycle/humidity deterioration, within the limitations of determination by this test method, show no increase in potential drop, relative to the reference connections, when tested for indefinite time. Connections that are less resistant to thermal-cycle/humidity conditions applied by this test will demonstrate progressive increases in potential drop with increasing time on test. Thus, the following examples of specifications are in the order of most stringent (No. 1) to least stringent (No. 3).  Duration, weeks Maximum Potential Drop Increase, mV1. 52 02. 16 0.23. 4 1.01.1 This test method covers all residential pressure connection systems. Detailed examples of application to specific types of connection systems, set-screw neutral bus connectors and twist-on wire-splicing connectors, are provided in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.1.2 The purpose of this test method is to evaluate the performance of residential electrical pressure connection systems under conditions of cyclic temperature change (within rating) and high humidity.1.3 The limitations of the test method are as follows:1.3.1 This test method shall not be considered to confirm a specific lifetime in application environments.1.3.2 The applicability of this test method is limited to pressure connection systems rated at or below 600 V d-c or a-c RMS.1.3.3 This test method is limited to temperature and water vapor exposure in addition to electrical current as required to measure connection resistance.1.3.4 This test method does not evaluate degradation which may occur in residential applications due to exposure of the electrical connection system to additional environmental constituents such as (but not limited to) the following examples:1.3.4.1 Household chemicals (liquid or gaseous) such as ammonia, bleach, or other cleaning agents.1.3.4.2 Chemicals as may occur due to normal hobby or professional activities such as photography, painting, sculpture, or similar activities.1.3.4.3 Environments encountered during construction or remodeling such as direct exposure to rain, uncured wet concrete, welding or soldering fluxes and other agents.1.3.5 This test method is limited to evaluation of pressure connection systems.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to electrical current flow under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual installation conditions or under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

3.1 The inspection, testing, and repair of lateral connections for sanitary sewers are regular practice necessary for the maintenance and optimal performance of the system. It is important to identify methods that use the most current compounds and technology to ensure the reduction of infiltration and exfiltration. It is important to minimize disruption to traffic and lessen the environmental impacts for both the municipal and private owners.3.2 This practice serves as a means to inspect, test, and seal sewer lateral connections and a predetermined portion of the lateral lines from the mainline sewer, having selected the appropriate chemical grouts using the lateral packer method. Television (or optical) inspection and sewer lateral connection testing are used to assess the condition and document any repairs.3.3 This practice should not be used where mainline and lateral connections are found with longitudinally cracked pipe, structurally unsound pipe, or flattened or out of round pipe.1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing and sealing sewer lateral connections and lateral lines from the mainline sewer with appropriate chemical grouts using the lateral packer method. Chemical grouting is used to stop infiltration of ground water and exfiltration of sewage in gravity flow sewer systems that are structurally sound.1.2 This practice applies to mainline sewer diameters of 6 in. to 24 in. with 4 in., 5 in., or 6 in. diameter laterals. Larger diameter pipes with lateral connections and lines can be grouted with special packers or man-entry methods. The mainline and lateral pipes must be structurally adequate to create an effective seal.1.3 Worker safety training should include reviewing the biohazards and gases from sewage, confined spaces, pumping equipment, and related apparatus. Additional safety considerations including proper handling, mixing, and transporting of chemical grouts should be provided by the chemical grout manufacturer or supplier, or both. Their safe operating practices and procedures should describe in detail appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the various grouting operations. Operations covered should include the proper storage, transportation, mixing, and disposal of chemical grouts, additives, and their associated containers.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 As stated in Terminology B542, contact resistance is comprised of a constriction resistance and a film resistance. When present, the latter of these is usually much greater in value and dominates the contact resistance. For a given contact spot, when the film resistance is zero or negligible the contact resistance for that spot is nearly the same as the constriction resistance and therefore, as a practical matter, has a minimum value which represents a clean metal-to-metal contact spot. As real contact surfaces exhibit varying degrees of roughness, real contacts are necessarily composed of many contact spots which are electrically parallel. In practical cases the clean metal-to-metal contact spots will carry most of the current and the total contact resistance is primarily dependent on the size and number of metallic contact spots present (see Note 1). In addition, acceptably low values of contact resistance are often obtained with true areas of contact being significantly less than the apparent contact area. This is the result of having a large number of small contact spots spread out over a relatively large apparent contact area.NOTE 1: The term metallic contact as used here is intended to include the so called quasi-metallic contact spots as well. The latter case was discussed in Electric Contacts by Holm. 35.2 The practical evaluation and comparison of electrical connections depend in large part on their contact resistance characteristics. On the one hand, the absolute value of contact resistance is greatly dependent on the size and distribution of the metallic conducting spots within the apparent area of load-bearing contact. On the other hand, a comparison of the initial resistance to the resistance after aging indicates how stable the system is in maintaining the initial contact area. Both of these characteristics should be considered when evaluating contact systems. The criteria employed in evaluating contact resistance and stability are not a part of these test methods as they depend on specific applications and therefore, will not be quantitatively stated. However, an estimate of contact resistance3 resulting from good metallic contact can be made for a given physical situation and used as a comparison to actual measurements to determine how effective the system is in establishing stable metallic contact. Resistances measured by these methods before, during and after simulated life tests are used as a means of determining the stability of contacts within a device.1.1 These test methods cover equipment and techniques for measuring the resistance of static electrical connections such as wire terminations or splices, friction connectors, soldered joints, and wrapped-wire connections.1.2 Measurements under two distinct levels of electrical loading are described. These levels are: (1) dry circuit, (2) and rated current. One or both of these levels of loading may be required in specific cases.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Connections are one of the most important components in wood construction. While the strength of metal bolts and of wood or wood-based products are ascertainable, a full evaluation of the performance of the combination is only possible through the testing of a complete connection assembly. Such variables as member thickness, member width, end and edge distances, type of bolt, fabrication tolerances, moisture content of the wood or wood-based product, preservative or fire-retardant treatment of the wood or wood-based product, species of wood, and/or material type and orientation of wood-based material may affect connection behavior. In order to develop design criteria for established bolt types as well as those under development, the effect of these variables on connection strength and stiffness must be known. The tests described herein permit the observation of data on the strength and stiffness of wood or wood-based connections, or both, under the influence of any or all of these factors.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the strength and stiffness of single-bolt connections in wood or wood-based products when subjected to short-term static loading. These test methods serve as a basis for determining the effects of various factors on the strength and stiffness of the connection. Long-term loading and creep displacement characteristics are outside the scope of this protocol.1.2 These test methods are intended for situations employing a smooth shank bolt with a constant diameter.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车