4.1 Supply of fresh water is limited and demand is increasing.4.1.1 The United Nations Population Fund estimates that only 2.5 percent of the water on the Earth is fresh, and only about 0.5 percent is accessible ground or surface water.4.1.2 While world population tripled in the 20th century, the use of water increased six-fold. The United Nations estimates that in the year 2017, close to 70 percent of the global population will have problems accessing fresh water. Additionally, more than 2 billion people around the world lack basic sanitation facilities.4.1.3 According to WWAP, agriculture use accounts for 70 percent of annual worldwide water use, industrial use accounts for 22 percent and domestic use accounts for 8 percent (1) .54.2 Increased demand has put additional stress on water supplies and distribution systems, threatening both human health and the environment.4.3 Increased demand has intensified energy use and the associated greenhouse gas emissions. Significant energy is expended for treatment and distribution of water. According to WaterSense, American public water supply and treatment facilities consume about 56 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) per year—enough electricity to power more than 5 million homes for an entire year. In California, an estimated 19 percent of electricity, 32 percent of natural gas consumption, and 88 billion gallons of diesel fuel annually power the treatment and distribution of water and wastewater (2).4.4 The building industry diverts an estimated 16 percent of global fresh water annually (3). It is imperative that design and construction address water efficiency. The estimate of annual usage of available fresh water by the building industry accounts for the quantity of water that is required to manufacture building materials and to construct and operate buildings. It does not reflect the impact of the building industry on the quality of water.4.5 This guide provides information regarding ideal sustainability and water use.4.6 This guide provides general options for applied sustainability and water use.1.1 This guide is intended to inform sustainable development in the building industry. It outlines ideal sustainability and applied sustainability for water management, consistent with Guide E2432. Both ideal sustainability and applied sustainability should inform decisions regarding water management.1.1.1 Ideal sustainability is patterned on the hydrological cycle. This provides the concept goals and direction for continual improvement.1.1.2 Applied sustainability outlines current best practices. This identifies available options considering environmental, economic, and social opportunities and challenges. The most appropriate option(s) are likely to vary depending on the location of the project.1.2 Water management challenges differ enormously depending on the type of built environment and the available water resources.1.2.1 The general demands of the built environment vary from very low density rural development to crowded urban development. Large cities present a particular challenge, with 400 cities worldwide housing over 1 million inhabitants.1.2.2 Successfully meeting the challenges of uneven distribution of water around the world, depletion of groundwater, changing rainfall patterns, and other water industry trends requires sustainable solutions for the effective management of the entire water cycle.1.2.3 Sustainable design, construction, and operation of water and wastewater services for the built environment are critical components of water stewardship and global sustainable water management.1.3 Water stewardship encompasses both pollution prevention (quality issues) and conservation (quantity issues).1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A dense, uniform, smooth, and vigorously growing natural turfgrass sports field provides the ideal and preferred playing surface for most outdoor field sports. Such a surface is pleasing to the spectators and athletes. A thick, consistent, and smooth grass cover also increases playing quality and safety by providing stable footing for the athletes, cushioning their impact from falls, slides, or tackles, and cools the playing surface during hot weather. Sand is commonly used to construct high performance sports turf rootzone systems. Sand is chosen as the primary construction material for two basic properties, compaction resistance and improved drainage/aeration state. Sands are more resistant to compaction than finer soil materials when played upon within a wide range of soil moisture conditions. A loamy soil that may provide a more stable surface and enhanced growing media compared to sand under optimal or normal conditions will quickly compact and deteriorate in condition if used in periods of excessive soil moisture, such as during or following a rainy season. A properly constructed sand-based rootzone, on the other hand, will resist compaction even during wet periods. Once compacted, sands are easier to decompact with the use of mechanical aeration equipment. Even when compacted, sands will retain an enhanced drainage and aeration state compared to native soil rootzones under the same level of traffic. As such, sand-based rootzones are more conducive to providing an all-weather type of playing surface. Properties of both the soil and grass plants must be considered in planning, constructing, and maintaining a high quality sports turf installation. Turfgrass utilized must be adapted to the local growing conditions and be capable of forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the desired mowing height. Unvegetated sand in and of itself is not inherently stable; therefore, it is imperative that grasses with superior wear tolerance and superior recuperative potential are utilized to withstand heavy foot traffic and intense shear forces. Sand does, however, have incredible load bearing capacity and if a dense, uniform turf cover is maintained, the sand-based system can provide a very stable, firm, smooth, and uniform playing surface. A successful sand-based rootzone system is dependent upon the proper selection of materials to use in the project. The proper selection of sand, organic amendment, soil and gravel is of vital concern to the performance of the system and this guide addresses these issues.4.1.1 During construction, consideration should be given to factors such as the physical and chemical properties of materials used in the area, freedom from stones and other debris, and surface and internal drainage.4.1.2 Maintenance practices that influence the playability of the surface include mowing, irrigation, fertilization, and mechanical aeration and are factors addressed in other standards (see Guides F2060 and F2269).4.2 Those responsible for the design, construction, or maintenance, or a combination thereof, of natural turf athletic fields for high-performance, all-weather purposes will benefit from this guide.4.3 A successful project development depends upon proper planning and upon the selection of and cooperation among design and construction team members. A high-performance, sand-based rootzone project design team should include a project designer, an agronomist or soil scientist, or both, and an owner’s representative. Additions to the team during the construction phase should include an owner’s project manager (often an expansion of role for the owner’s representative), an owner’s quality control agent (often the personnel that is employed in advance with the intent of becoming the finished project’s sports field manager), an owner’s testing agent (often an expansion of roles for the project’s agronomist/soil scientist), and the contractor.4.3.1 Planning for projects must be conducted well in advance of the intended construction date. This often requires numerous meetings to create a calendar of events, schedule, approvals, assessments, performance criteria, material sourcing, geotechnical reports, and construction budgets.NOTE 2: Other specifications on soils for athletic field construction have been published and have been considered during the development of this guide.AbstractThis guide provides selection criteria for deciding the appropriate techniques and materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, and so forth, needed in the design, construction, and maintenance of high performance sand-based turf rootzones for sports fields. The factors taken into account here that influence such decisions are existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for sports fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, and so forth, for use in designing and constructing sand-based sports turf rootzones.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Quality assurance observation of roofing projects is an important process for determining if the removal, installation, repair, or maintenance of roofing materials or systems follows the scope and intent of the contract documents and are installed and executed in accordance with accepted roofing practices and the contract documents.4.2 This practice is applied to full-time quality assurance observation of roofing projects involving the removal, construction, and repair and maintenance of low and steep-slope roof systems and roofing-related accessories.4.3 This practice establishes the role and responsibilities of those performing quality assurance observation and includes qualifications of the quality assurance observer, as well as procedures for observation and documentation during the roof construction or repair process.4.4 If used, nothing in this practice shall be interpreted as precluding the use of all or parts of it while conducting full-time or part-time quality assurance observer (QAO) inspection.1.1 This practice covers procedures for performing visual monitoring of roofing construction to:1.1.1 Establish guidelines for quality assurance observation practices; and1.1.2 Define the role and responsibilities of the quality assurance observer.1.2 This practice pertains to quality assurance observation of roofing projects and the report of information obtained from these observations. This practice is applicable to new construction or reroofing projects involving the installation of a new roof system, the removal of existing roofing and installation of a new roof system, or recovering an existing roof. It is also applicable to roofing projects involving repairs or scheduled maintenance to an existing roof.1.3 This practice contains the following information:1.3.1 The objectives of the quality assurance process;1.3.2 The responsibilities and qualifications of the individual(s) involved in the observations of the roof construction or repair;1.3.3 Identification and use of the basic tools or equipment required for the visual roof observation process; and1.3.4 Monitoring, recording, and reporting procedures.1.4 This practice addresses new construction or repair. This practice does not address the investigation, condition, or analysis of existing roofs.1.5 This practice does not address practices of roof investigation, condition reporting, or analysis of preexisting roofs.1.6 This practice does not pertain to quality control processes or techniques performed by persons or entities representing or under contract to the roofing contractor. The quality control process is separate and distinct from the quality assurance observation process.1.7 Assessment of safe work practices or safety monitoring procedures followed by the contractor is outside the scope of this practice.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide can be used by code officials, architects, and other interested parties to evaluate the design and construction of masonry heaters. It is not restricted to a specific method of construction, nor does it provide all specific details of construction of a masonry heater. This guide does provide the principles to be followed for the safe construction of masonry heaters.4.2 This guide is not intended as a complete set of directions for construction of masonry heaters.4.3 Construction of masonry heaters is complex, and in order to ensure their safety and performance, construction shall be done by or under the supervision of a skilled and experienced masonry heater builder.51.1 This guide covers the design and construction of solid fuel burning masonry heaters. It provides dimensions for site constructed masonry heater components and clearances that have been derived by experience and found to be consistent with the safe installation of those masonry heaters.1.2 Values given in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch/pound units may be rounded (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10). All dimensions are nominal unless specifically stated otherwise. All clearances listed in this guide are actual dimensions.1.3 This guide applies to the design and construction of masonry heaters built on-site with the components and materials specified herein. It does not apply to the construction/installation requirements for component systems that have been safety tested and listed. The requirements for listed masonry heater systems are specified in the manufacturer’s installation instructions.1.4 The design and construction of solid fuel burning masonry heaters shall comply with applicable building codes.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method describes the procedure to evaluate or compare, or both, the durability of sealants when subjected to accelerated weathering and cyclic movement in a joint.4.2 Sealant installation procedures, design considerations and movement during cure affect the aging processes and are fundamental to the success of any sealant. These factors are not addressed with this test method.4.3 The amount, type and frequency of movement a sealant experiences during its lifetime strongly depends on the materials used in construction and on the orientation of the joint toward sunlight and many other factors that are not uniform or consistent.4.4 Climatic exposures will differ with the orientation of the building and shading as well as with local and regional climatic conditions. Climates in a given location can vary from year to year because of differences in solar radiation, temperature, rainfall, and atmospheric conditions. Further, the quality and intensity of solar radiation on the earth's surface varies with geographic location, season, time of day, and cloud cover.4.5 Variations in results may be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this test method. Therefore, all test results using this test method must be accompanied by a report of the specific operating conditions as required in Section 11. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained according to this test method.4.6 The results of laboratory exposure cannot be directly extrapolated to estimate an absolute rate of deterioration caused by natural weathering because the acceleration factor is material dependent and can be significantly different for each material and for different formulations of the same material. However, exposure of a similar material of known outdoor performance, a control, along with the test specimens allows comparison of the durability relative to that of the control under the test conditions. Evaluation in terms of relative durability also greatly improves the agreement in test results among different laboratories.4.7 Results of this procedure will depend on the care that is taken to operate the equipment according to Practices G154 and G155. Significant factors include regulation of the line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature control, humidity control, where applicable, condition and age of the burners and filters in xenon arc equipment, and age of lamps in fluorescent UV equipment.NOTE 1: Additional information on sources of variability and on strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution and data analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.1.1 This test method covers the method for the determination of the durability of a sealant based on its ability to function in cyclic movement maintaining adhesion and cohesion after repeated exposure to laboratory accelerated weathering procedures.1.2 This test method describes two laboratory accelerated weathering procedures for evaluating the durability of a sealant.1.3 RILEM TC139–DBS is related to this test method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes the airworthiness requirements for the design of fixed-wing unmanned aircraft systems. It defines the baseline design, construction, and verification requirements for an unmanned aircraft system (UAS), defined as a system composed of the unmanned aircraft and all required on-board subsystems, payload, control station, other required off-board subsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, all required crew members, and command and control (C2) links between UA and the control station. This specification applies to fixed wing UAS with permission to operate over a defined area and in airspace authorized by a nation's civil aviation authority (CAA) with a fully interactive ground-based person as ”Remote Pilot in Command.”This specification covers requirements for flight (e.g., proof of compliance, load distribution limits, propeller speed and pitch limits); performance (stalling speed, takeoff, climb, landing, multi-engine); design (equipment, systems, and installation, workmanship, airframe, airspeed limitations, loads and dynamics); construction (fabrication methods, fasteners); structure (loads, flight loads, limit load factors, design airspeeds); command and control system (flight and navigations instruments, automatic flight control system, datalinks, teleoperated flight controls); other required off-board subsystems (required launch and recovery equipment, tethering systems); miscellaneous equipment (payloads, digital flight data recording system); operating limitations and information (weight and center of gravity, propulsion system limitations, electromagnetic environmental effects); documentation (design control, aircraft flight manual, maintenance manual); verification (system verification, methods of verification); and best practices (performance verification, airframe, propulsion system, propeller, miscellaneous equipment such as payloads and high-intensity radiated fields [HIRF] protection).1.1 This specification covers the airworthiness requirements for the design of light unmanned aircraft systems. This specification defines the baseline design, construction, and verification requirements for an unmanned aircraft system (UAS).1.2 As a minimum, a UAS is defined as a system composed of the unmanned aircraft and all required on-board subsystems, payload, control station, other required off-board subsystems, any required launch and recovery equipment, all required crew members, and command and control (C2) links between UA and the control station.1.3 The intent is for this standard of practice for CAA, self- or third-party determinations of airworthiness for UAS. This specification provides the core requirements for airworthiness certification of lightweight (UAS) (not necessarily limited to UAs under 55 lb GTOW) or for certain CAA operational approvals using risk-based categories. Additional requirements are envisioned to address the requirements for expanded operations and characteristics not addressed by this specification.1.4 This specification is intended to support UAS operations. It is assumed that the risk of UAS will vary based on concept of operations, environment, and other variables. The fact that there are no human beings onboard the UAS may reduce or eliminate some hazards and risks. However, at the discretion of the CAA, this specification may be applied to other UAS operations.1.5 The values in Imperial units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in SI are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Exterior wall systems require time to design, fabricate, construct and test. Mockups are generally a full-size representative portion of the proposed exterior wall system built to study proposed construction details, test for performance, and in some cases judge appearance of the exterior wall system. The project schedule shall allow time to design, construct, and test the pre-construction mockup and to implement any design changes, fabrication changes, or modifications of planned construction procedures, before construction of the exterior wall system commences.4.2 Performance testing of pre-construction mockups verifies compliance with specified standards and design criteria. Performance tests in separate ASTM or other industry standards, are intended to represent the effects of environmental conditions, such as wind, rain, and temperature extremes. The tests provide a measure of the performance of the proposed exterior wall system under specific and controlled conditions. The specified design and specification of the pre-construction mockup must be appropriate for the performance test requirements. Separate tests may be required for individual mockup materials or components.4.3 Pre-construction mockup specimens require input from Specifier, Builder, and Test Agency. Coordination of their efforts facilitates this process. Documentation should convey the results of preconstruction mockups from one party to others at appropriate stages in the process.4.4 The referenced standards provided in this practice identify the historical standards typically utilized in pre-construction performance testing. This practice allows for the development and use of other project specific test procedures for various components that encompass exterior wall systems.1.1 This standard practice covers procedures and documentation to assist in the specification and evaluation of pre-construction laboratory mockups of exterior wall systems.1.2 This standard practice addresses design and construction of the mockup, observation during mockup construction and testing, evaluation of the mockup test results, and documentation of the mockup and testing process. Coordination is required between the parties involved in the design, construction, and testing of the mockup to facilitate this process. Documentation should convey the results of pre-construction mockups from one party to others at appropriate stages in the process.1.3 This standard practice recommends the selection and order of individual tests performed on the mockup in the absence of a specific test order.1.4 This standard practice recommends a protocol for exchange of information between participants in the pre-construction mockup process.1.5 Responsibility for specific activities is recommended by this practice. This practice is intended to provide a default structure in the absence of the assignment of specific responsibilities by the specifying authority.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide covers the flexural testing of beams and girders under simulated service conditions to determine their structural performance characteristics. Methods following this guide are intended primarily for constructions that may not conform with the relatively simple assumptions upon which well-known flexural theories are based. In some cases, they are also suitable for determining the structural adequacy of the design, materials, connections, and fabrication techniques. The methods are not intended for use in routine quality control tests.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statement, see 7.1.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers the collection of airborne particulate lead during abatement and construction activities. The practice is intended for use in protecting workers from exposures to high concentrations of airborne particulate lead. This practice is not intended for the measurement of ambient lead concentrations in air. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 The procedures outlined in these test methods serve to evaluate the performance of the wall segments for deflection, permanent set, and maximum load-carrying capacity under transverse loading. Performance criteria based on data collected using these procedures fall outside the scope of these test methods.4.2 Transverse loads cannot be applied satisfactorily to some wall constructions, such as masonry, with the specimen in a horizontal position. For such constructions, the loads shall be applied to the specimen in a vertical position thus simulating service conditions.4.3 Test results obtained from the two-point loading (8.2.1 and 9.2.1) and the uniform loading (8.2.2 and 9.2.2) are neither compatible nor interchangeable.1.1 These test methods cover transverse load testing to determine the structural properties of wall segments.1.2 These test methods serve to evaluate the performance of wall panels subject to transverse bending loads applied perpendicular to the plane of the wall. The tests are conducted on horizontal or vertical specimens under two-point loading. It also shall be permitted to apply uniform load using an air bag or a vacuum chamber. Depending upon the configuration tested, these loads are intended to evaluate the transverse deflection, permanent set, and maximum flexural capacity or planar shear capacity, or both, of the wall segment. These test methods are not intended for the evaluation of individual structural framing or supporting members (floor joist, decking, etc.), or both. The connections between the vertical elements of the wall segment and the surrounding construction are excluded from the scope of these methods and shall be evaluated by alternative means.1.3 Notes and footnotes in this standard provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 Objectives—Guidelines are provided for the design, construction, and operation of an Accommodation Service Vessel (ASV) intended to provide accommodation services to an offshore installation. The goal of these guidelines is to focus attention on the safety aspects of design. These guidelines are recommended for each vessel providing accommodation service to an offshore installation for more than 36 persons.1.2 Relationship with Regulatory and Classification Standards—This guide covers information for designing, constructing and operating ASVs and includes considerations not generally addressed in classification or statutory requirements intended for traditional cargo or passenger ships. While portions of this guide may refer to standards, it is not intended to supersede any classification or statutory requirements.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The skinned areas of baseball and softball fields should provide a uniform playing surface of high quality. Ball bounce should be true and predictable. Footing and sliding properties should favor optimum performance of players. Undulations, rough surface, hard or soft surfaces, weeds, stones, and wet spots detract from good play. Playing surface quality is largely affected by construction and maintenance procedures, and this standard guide addresses those procedures. While warning tracks are a type of skinned area found on baseball and softball fields, this standard does not apply to warning tracks. A separate standard, Guide F2270, presents information pertaining to warning tracks.4.1.1 During construction, consideration should be given to factors such as the physical and chemical properties of materials used in the area, freedom from stones and other debris, and surface and internal drainage.4.1.2 Maintenance practices that influence the playability of the surface include edging, dragging, rolling, watering, vegetation control, brushing or hosing to prevent buildup of a lip of mineral matter in turfgrass at the skinned/turfed edges, and removal of stones and debris that may adversely affect play and safety.4.2 Those responsible for the design, construction, or maintenance, or a combination thereof, of skinned areas on baseball and softball fields will benefit from this guide.4.3 This guide provides flexibility in choices of procedures and can be used to cover a variety of use and budget levels.1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction and maintenance of skinned areas on baseball and softball fields. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, such as soil, sand, gravel, crushed stone, crushed brick, calcined clay, calcined diatomaceous earth, vitrified clay, etc., for use in constructing or reconditioning skinned areas and for the selection of management practices that will maintain a safe and playable skinned surface. Although this guide is specific to baseball/softball, it has application to other sports where ball bounce, ball roll, or player footing, or a combination thereof, are of importance.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity of use, equipment available, budget, and training and ability of management personnel.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. The ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Mechanically stabilized earth walls (MSEW) are engineered earth retaining structures comprised of pre-fabricated wall facing elements and select backfill that is reinforced with inextensible steel elements. The complete system consists of the original ground, concrete leveling pads, wall facing panels, coping, soil reinforcement, and select backfill. A MSEW is typically subjected to earth loads and surface loads (surcharges). The MSEW relies on self-weight and friction to resist the destabilizing earth forces acting at the back of the reinforced soil zone. They are used frequently in transportation-related civil engineering applications. Fig. 1 shows a cross section of a typical panel faced MSEW, and Fig. 2 shows the components. Fig. 3 shows a cross section of a typical wire faced MSEW cross section, and Fig. 4 shows the components.FIG. 1 Typical Panel Faced MSEW Cross SectionFIG. 2 Components of Typical Panel Faced MSEWFIG. 3 Typical Wire Faced MSEW Cross SectionFIG. 4 Components of Typical Wire Faced MSEW1.1 Mechanically stabilized earth walls (MSEW) covered in this standard practice are engineered earth retaining structures comprised of pre-fabricated wall facing elements and select backfill reinforced with inextensible steel elements. This practice covers procedures and components for the construction of MSEW including soil reinforcement, connections to panels, and selection and placement of granular backfill. Such walls may have a segmental precast concrete (SPC) facing or a flexible wire facing. This standard practice does not address the design of MSEW.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the dimensions and materials for the manufacture of round wood dowels (pegs) used in the fabrication of connections in wood construction. The round wood dowels shall have diameters from 1/2 in. (12.5 mm) to 2 in. (51 mm). Diameters shall not be more than 2% oversize, nor less than 1% undersize, and shall not vary, along a wood dowel length (other than deliberate chamfer) more than 1%. Wood dowels shall be fabricated to ensure that the wood fibers are aligned with the longitudinal axis of the dowel. They shall be fabricated from any species of wood that has an oven dry specific gravity of at least 0.57; from wood that has been air-dried or kiln-dried to approximately constant weight before fabrication; and from clear, straight-grained timber free from any form of decay. Furthermore, wood dowels shall be protected with a treatment of paraffin wax, or similar sealing substance capable of inhibiting the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere.1.1 This specification covers standardizing the dimensions and materials for the manufacture of round wood dowels (pegs) used in the fabrication of connections in wood construction. The referencing of this specification in design, construction, and purchase order documents is intended to provide some assurance that the round wood dowels to be used in an assembly meet minimum materials-quality standards and that dimensions for fabrication and finish can be relied on to ensure connection performance. This specification provides regulatory agencies with a set of standards by which to judge the acceptability of round wood dowels encountered in the field and in fabricators’ shops.1.2 This specification only addresses the standardization and manufacture of round wood dowels. Other types of wood dowels, such as sawn or cleaved pegs, are outside the scope of this specification.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 Safety Hazards—There are no known hazards with the use of this specification. The products manufactured to this specification should not be brittle or difficult to install with proper tools.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A dense, uniform, smooth and vigorously (or healthy) growing natural turfgrass golf green or tee provides the ideal and preferred putting or teeing surface for golf. Sand is commonly used to construct high performance putting green and tee rootzone systems. Sand is chosen as a primary construction material due to its compaction resistance and improved drainage and aeration compared to other soil materials. A loamy soil that may provide a more stable surface and enhanced growing media compared to sand under optimal or normal conditions will quickly compact and deteriorate in condition if used in periods of excessive soil moisture, such as during or following a rain event. A properly constructed sand-based rootzone on the other hand will resist compaction even during wet periods. Even when compacted, sands will retain an enhanced drainage and aeration state compared to native soil rootzones under the same level of traffic. As such, sand-based rootzones are more conducive to providing an all-weather type of putting or teeing surface. Once compacted, sands are also easier to decompact with the use of mechanical aeration equipment.4.2 Properties of both the soil and grass plants must be considered in planning, constructing, and maintaining a high quality putting green or tee installation. Turfgrasses utilized must be adapted to the local growing conditions and be capable of forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the desired mowing height. Unvegetated sand is not inherently stable and therefore it is imperative that grasses are utilized to withstand the rigors of play. Sand does however have incredible load bearing capacity and if a dense, uniform turf cover is maintained the sand-based system can provide a firm and uniform playing surface.4.3 A successful sand-based rootzone system is dependent upon the proper selection of materials to use in the project. The proper selection of sand, organic amendments, soil, and gravel is of vital concern to the performance of the system. This standard guide addresses these issues.4.3.1 During construction, consideration should be given to factors such as the physical and chemical properties of rootzone materials, surface and internal drainage as well as stones and other debris.4.3.2 Maintenance practices that influence playability include mowing, irrigation, fertilization, and mechanical aeration. These factors are addressed in other standards (Guides F2060, F2269, and F2397).4.4 Those responsible for the design, construction, or maintenance, or a combination thereof, of golf putting greens and tees will benefit from this guide.4.5 A successful project development depends upon proper planning and upon the selection of and cooperation among design and construction team members. A sand-based putting green/tee rootzone project design team should include a golf course architect/designer, an agronomist or soil scientist, or both, and an owner’s design representative. Additions to the team during the construction phase should include an owner’s project manager (often an expansion of role for the owner’s design representative), an owner’s quality control agent (often the personnel that is employed in advance with the intent of becoming the finished project’s golf course superintendent/greenskeeper), an owner’s testing agent (often an expansion of roles for the project’s agronomist/soil scientist) and the contractor.4.5.1 Planning for projects must be conducted well in advance of the intended construction date. Often this planning requires numerous meetings to create a calendar of events, schedule, approvals, assessments, performance criteria, quality control (QC) protocols, material sourcing, geotechnical reports, and construction budgets.NOTE 1: Other specifications on soils for golf green and putting green construction that have been published were considered during the development of this standard.1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of high performance sand-based rootzones for golf greens and tees. This guide provides guidance for the selection of materials, including soil, sand, gravel, peat, etc., for use in designing and constructing sand-based golf turf rootzones.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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