5.1 This test method is intended for use in analytical laboratories including on-site in-service oil analysis laboratories. Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is often employed for wear metal analysis (Test Methods D5185 and D6595). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (Test Methods D445, D2896, D6304, and D7279). Molecular spectroscopy (Practice E2412) provides direct information on molecular species of interest including additives, lubricant degradation products and contaminating fluids such as water, fuel and glycol. Direct imaging integrated testers provide complementary information on particle count, particle size, particle type, and soot content.5.2 Particles in lubricating and hydraulic oils are detrimental because they increase wear, clog filters and accelerate oil degradation.5.3 Particle count may aid in assessing the capability of a filtration system to clean the fluid, determine if off-line recirculating filtration is needed to clean the fluid, or aid in the decision whether or not to change the fluid.5.4 An increase in the concentration and size of wear particles is indicative of incipient failure or component change out. Predictive maintenance by oil analysis monitors the concentration and size of wear particles on a periodic basis to predict failure.5.5 High soot levels in diesel engine lubricating oil may indicate abnormal engine operation.1.1 This test method covers the determination of particle concentration, particle size distribution, particle shape, and soot content for new and in-service oils used for lubrication and hydraulic systems by a direct imaging integrated tester.1.1.1 The test method is applicable to petroleum and synthetic based fluids. Samples from 2 mm2/s to 150 mm2/s at 40 °C may be processed directly. Samples of greater viscosity may be processed after solvent dilution.1.1.2 Particles measured are in the range from 4 μm to ≥ 70 μm with the upper limit dependent upon passing through a 100 μm mesh inlet screen.1.1.3 Particle concentration measured may be as high as 5 000 000 particles per mL without significant coincidence error.1.1.4 Particle shape is determined for particles greater than approximately 20 µm in length. Particles are categorized into the following categories: sliding, cutting, fatigue, nonmetallic, fibers, water droplets, and air bubbles.1.1.5 Soot is determined up to approximately 1.5 % by weight.1.1.6 This test method uses objects of known linear dimension for calibration.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Corrosion products, in the form of particulate and dissolved metals, in the steam and water circuits of electricity generating plants are of great concern to power plant operators. Aside from indicating the extent of corrosion occurring in the plant, the presence of corrosion products has deleterious effects on plant integrity and efficiency. Deposited corrosion products provide sites at which chemicals, which are innocuous at low levels, may concentrate to corrosive levels and initiate under-deposit corrosion. Also, corrosion products in feedwater enter the steam generating components where deposition on heat transfer surfaces reduces the overall efficiency of the plant.5.2 Most plants perform some type of corrosion product monitoring. The most common method is to sample for long time periods, up to several days, after which laboratory analysis of the collected sample gives the average corrosion product level over the collection time period. This methodology is referred to as integrated sampling. With the more frequent measurements in the on-line monitor, a time profile of corrosion product transport is obtained. Transient high corrosion product levels can be detected and measured, which cannot be accomplished with integrated sampling techniques. With this newly available data, plant operators may begin to correlate periods of high corrosion product levels with controllable plant operating events. In this way, operators may make more informed operational decisions with respect to corrosion product generation and transport.1.1 This test method covers the operation, calibration, and data interpretation for an on-line corrosion product (metals) monitoring system. The monitoring system is based on x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis of metals contained on membrane filters (for suspended solids) or resin membranes (for ionic solids). Since the XRF detector is sensitive to a range of emission energy, this test method is applicable to simultaneous monitoring of the concentration levels of several metals including titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, mercury, lead, and others in a flowing sample. A detection limit below 1 ppb can be achieved for most metals.1.2 This test method includes a description of the equipment comprising the on-line metals monitoring system, as well as, operational procedures and system specifications.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice is intended to assist optical fiber cable owners and pipeline operators in developing operating and maintenance procedures and practices for the secondary use of gas pipelines as conduits for optical fiber cables. It must be kept in mind that the primary use of gas pipelines is for transportation of natural gas and any secondary use of the system must not materially impact the primary function. It is the responsibility of the optical fiber cable owner and pipeline operator to decide how best to integrate operating and maintenance procedures for the pipeline, the optical fiber system, and the optical fiber cable so that safety is not compromised, customers are served in the best way possible, and incremental costs are minimized.Since the practice of integrating gas pipeline facilities and fiber optics for telecommunications purposes is a new and emerging activity, this standard will help establish guidelines for its rapid and safe deployment and will ensure that the facilities installed are maintained to operate on a long-term basis.1.1 This practice covers the operation and maintenance of natural gas distribution and service pipelines containing optical fiber cable and the operation and maintenance of the optical fiber system.1.2 This practice applies to distribution and service lines used to transport natural gas.1.3 This practice does not apply to natural gas transmission lines.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Digital integrated circuits are specified to operate with their inputs and outputs in either a logical 1 or a logical 0 state. The occurrence of signals having voltage levels not meeting the specifications of either of these levels (an upset condition) may cause the generation and propagation of erroneous data in a digital system.5.2 Knowledge of the radiation dose rate that causes upset in digital integrated circuits is essential for the design, production, and maintenance of electronic systems that are required to operate in the presence of pulsed radiation environments.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the threshold level of radiation dose rate that causes upset in digital integrated circuits only under static operating conditions. The radiation source is either a flash X-ray machine (FXR) or an electron linear accelerator (LINAC).1.2 The precision of the measurement depends on the homogeneity of the radiation field and on the precision of the radiation dosimetry and the recording instrumentation.1.3 The test may be destructive either for further tests or for purposes other than this test if the integrated circuit being tested absorbs a total radiation dose exceeding some predetermined level. Because this level depends both on the kind of integrated circuit and on the application, a specific value must be agreed upon by the parties to the test (6.8).1.4 Setup, calibration, and test circuit evaluation procedures are included in this test method.1.5 Procedures for lot qualification and sampling are not included in this test method.1.6 Because of the variability of the response of different device types, the initial dose rate and device upset conditions for any specific test is not given in this test method but must be agreed upon by the parties to the test.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 The integrated tester is primarily used to perform on-site analysis of in-service lubricants used in the automotive, highway trucking, mining, construction, off-road “mining,” marine, industrial, power generation, agriculture, and manufacturing industries.5.2 The immediate results of analysis of in-service lubricants are critical when performing proactive and preventative maintenance. On-site oil analysis, when used in conjunction with these programs, allows continuous system monitoring and contamination control potentially improving equipment “up-time” and equipment life.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative analysis of in-service lubricants using an automatic testing device that integrates these varied technologies: atomic emission spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, viscosity, and particle counting.1.2 This is suited for in-service lubricating oils having viscosities in the range between ISO 10 and ISO 320 and properties in the ranges given in Tables 1 and 2.TABLE 1 Element Test Parameters Measured, Calculated, and ReportedElement Low Range, mg/kg High Range, mg/kg Element Low Range, mg/kg High Range, mg/kgAluminum 5 to 100 NA Molybdenum 10 to 1000 NABarium 25 to 150 150 to 2000 Nickel 5 to 100 NABoron 5 to 100 100 to 1000 Phosphorous 100 to 600 600 to 4000Calcium 25 to 500 500 to 9000 Potassium 10 to 1000 1000 to 4000Chromium 8 to 100 NA Silicon 5 to 150 150 to 3000Copper 5 to 500 500 to 1000 Sodium 10 to 1000 NAIron 6 to 1000 1000 to 3000 Tin 6 to 100 NALead 6 to 150 NA Titanium 8 to 100 NAMagnesium 5 to 100 100 to 3000 Vanadium 7 to 100 NAManganese 5 to 100 NA Zinc 8 to 100 100 to 4000TABLE 2 Physical Properties Parameters Measured, Calculated, and ReportedNOTE 1: Review Test Method D4739 and D2896 for particular lubricating oil applications.Physical Property RangeWater,  % by mass 0.1 to 3Glycol,  % by mass 0.1 to 2Soot,  % by mass 0.1 to 4Fuel Dilution,  % by mass 0.1 to 15Oxidation, abs. 0.1 to 50Nitration, abs. 0.1 to 35Calculated Viscosity - IR 4 to 35 (100° cSt)Viscosity 40 °C, cSt (optional) 30 to 320Viscosity 100 °C, cSt (optional) 5 to 25Viscosity Index 5 to 150Base Number, mg/g KOH 1.0 to 171.3 This test method may be used to establish trends in wear and contamination of in-service lubricants and may not give equivalent numerical results to current ASTM test methods.1.4 This test method is not intended for use with crude oil.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Specific hazard statements are given in Section 9 and 11.3.)1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Greenhouse gases are reported to be a major contributor to global warming. Since “biomass CO2” emitted from combustion devices represents a net-zero carbon contribution to the atmosphere (that is, plants remove CO2 from the atmosphere and subsequent combustion returns it), it does not contribute additional CO2 to the atmosphere. The measurement of biomass (biogenic) CO2 allows regulators and stationary source owners/operators to determine the ratio of fossil-derived CO2 and biomass CO2 in developing control strategies and to meet federal, state, local and regional greenhouse gas reporting requirements.5.2 The distinction of the two types of CO2 has financial, control and regulatory implications.1.1 This practice defines specific procedures for the collection of gas samples from stationary emission sources for subsequent laboratory determination of the ratio of biomass (biogenic) carbon to total carbon (fossil derived carbon plus biomass or biogenic carbon) in accordance with Test Methods D6866.1.2 This practice applies to stationary sources that burn municipal solid waste or a combination of fossil fuel (for example, coal, oil, natural gas) and biomass fuel (for example, wood, wood waste, paper, agricultural waste, biogas) in boilers, combustion turbines, incinerators, kilns, internal combustion engines and other combustion devices.1.3 This practice applies to the collection of integrated samples over periods from 1 hour to 24 hours, or longer.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 There are many kinds of linear integrated circuits. Any given linear integrated circuit may be used in a variety of ways and under various operating conditions within the limits of performance specified by the manufacturer. The procedures of this practice provide a standardized way to measure the dose-rate response of a linear integrated circuit, under operating conditions similar to those of the intended application, when the circuit is exposed to pulsed ionizing radiation.5.2 Knowledge of the responses of linear integrated circuits to radiation pulses is essential for the design, production, and maintenance of electronic systems that are required to operate in the presence of pulsed radiation environments.1.1 This practice covers the measurement of the response of linear integrated circuits, under given operating conditions, to pulsed ionizing radiation. The response may be either transient or more lasting, such as latchup. The radiation source is either a flash X-ray machine (FXR) or an electron linear accelerator (LINAC).1.2 The precision of the measurement depends on the homogeneity of the radiation field and on the precision of the radiation dosimetry and the recording instrumentation.1.3 The test may be considered to be destructive either for further tests or for other purposes if the total radiation ionizing dose exceeds some predetermined level or if the part should latch up. Because this level depends both on the kind of integrated circuit and on the application, a specific value must be agreed upon by the parties to the test. (See 6.10.)1.4 Setup, calibration, and test circuit evaluation procedures are included in this practice.1.5 Procedures for lot qualification and sampling are not included in this practice.1.6 Because response varies with different device types, the dose rate range and device upset conditions for any specific test is not given in this practice but must be agreed upon by the parties to the test.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers the special requirements for a metal strip used in the fabrication of integrated-circuit lead frames by stamping or photochemical milling. The metal strip shall be manufactured from copper and copper alloys, ferrous alloys containing nickel, cobalt, or chromium, nickel and nickel alloys, or other metallic materials and shall conform to the chemical, physical, and mechanical property requirements specified, including the limitation on the severity and number of inclusions, the surface finish, and the coil size. Tests for straightness, flatness, coil set, and grain size shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.1.1 This specification covers the special requirements for metal strip to be used to fabricate integrated-circuit lead frames by stamping or photochemical milling.1.2 The metals that are applicable to these parts include copper and copper alloys, ferrous alloys usually containing nickel or cobalt or chromium, nickel and nickel alloys, and other metallic materials.1.3 The general chemical, physical, and mechanical property requirements of these materials are covered by other ASTM specifications (specifically Specifications B103/B103M, B122/B122M, B152/B152M, B162, B465, F15, F30, F31, F49 and F68), and these should be consulted for properties and tempers that are different for the different metals. For metals for which no ASTM specification is available, other specifications should be adopted by agreement of the parties concerned.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods are useful in research and quality control for evaluating insulating materials and systems since they provide for the measurement of charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges(4) (5) (6).5.2 Pulse measurements of partial discharges indicate the magnitude of individual discharges. However, if there are numerous discharges per cycle it is occasionally important to know their charge sum, since this sum is related to the total volume of internal gas spaces that are discharging, if it is assumed that the gas cavities are simple capacitances in series with the capacitances of the solid dielectrics (7) (8).5.3 Internal (cavity-type) discharges are mainly of the pulse (spark-type) with rapid rise times or the pseudoglow-type with long rise times, depending upon the discharge governing parameters existing within the cavity. If the rise times of the pseudoglow discharges are too long , they will evade detection by pulse detectors as covered in Test Method D1868. However, both the pseudoglow discharges irrespective of the length of their rise time as well as pulseless glow are readily measured either by Method A or B of Test Methods D3382.5.4 Pseudoglow discharges have been observed to occur in air, particularly when a partially conducting surface is involved. It is possible that such partially conducting surfaces will develop with polymers that are exposed to partial discharges for sufficiently long periods to accumulate acidic degradation products. Also in some applications, like turbogenerators, where a low molecular weight gas such as hydrogen is used as a coolant, it is possible that pseudoglow discharges will develop.1.1 These test methods cover two bridge techniques for measuring the energy and integrated charge of pulse and pseudoglow partial discharges:1.2 Test Method A makes use of capacitance and loss characteristics such as measured by the transformer ratio-arm bridge or the high-voltage Schering bridge (Test Methods D150). Test Method A has been found useful to obtain the integrated charge transfer and energy loss due to partial discharges in a dielectric from the measured increase in capacitance and tan δ with voltage. (See also IEEE 286 and IEEE 1434)1.3 Test Method B makes use of a somewhat different bridge circuit, identified as a charge-voltage-trace (parallelogram) technique, which indicates directly on an oscilloscope the integrated charge transfer and the magnitude of the energy loss due to partial discharges.1.4 Both test methods are intended to supplement the measurement and detection of pulse-type partial discharges as covered by Test Method D1868, by measuring the sum of both pulse and pseudoglow discharges per cycle in terms of their charge and energy.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precaution statements are given in Section 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method is designed to characterize the failure distribution of interconnect metallizations such as are used in microelectronic circuits and devices that fail due to electromigration under specified d-c current density and temperature stress. This test method is intended to be used only when the failure distribution can be described by a log-Normal distribution.1.2 This test method is intended for use as a referee method between laboratories and for comparing metallization alloys and metallizations prepared in different ways. It is not intended for qualifying vendors or for determining the use-life of a metallization.1.3 The test method is an accelerated stress test of four-terminal structures (see Guide F 1259M) where the failure criterion is either an open circuit in the test line or a prescribed percent increase in the resistance of the test structure.1.4 This test method allows the test structures of a test chip to be stressed while still part of the wafer (or a portion thereof) or while bonded to a package and electrically accessible by means of package terminals.1.5 This test method is not designed to characterize the metallization for failure modes involving short circuits between adjacent metallization lines or between two levels of metallization.1.6 This test method is not intended for the case where the stress test is terminated before all parts have failed.1.7 This test method is primarily designed to analyze complete data. An option is provided for analyzing censored data (that is, when the stress test is halted before all parts under test have failed).1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Digital logic circuits are used in system applications where they are exposed to pulses of radiation. It is important to know the minimum radiation level at which transient failures can be induced, since this affects system operation.1.1 This guide is to assist experimenters in measuring the transient radiation upset threshold of silicon digital integrated circuits exposed to pulses of ionizing radiation greater than 103 Gy (matl.)/s.1.1.1 Discussion—This document is intended to be a guide to determine upset threshold, and is not intended to be a stand-alone document.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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